Term
| which side of the heart receives poorly oxygenated (venous) blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| which side of the heart receives oxygenated (arterial) lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| how does poorly oxygenated blood enter the heart? |
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Definition
| through superior and inferior vena cava |
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Term
| how does left side of herat receive oxygenated blood |
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Definition
| from lungs via pulmonary veins |
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Term
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Definition
| between right atrium and right ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| between left atrium and left ventricle |
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Term
| where is aortic semilunar valve |
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Definition
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Term
| where is pulmonary semilunar valve |
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Definition
| at the base of the pulmonary trunk |
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Term
| what is the function of valves in heart |
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Definition
| prevent regurgitation or backflow |
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Term
| at what level are the 4 major valves in relation to each other |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| skeleton of the heart; tough, fibrous tissue; separates atria from ventricles |
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Term
| how does blood go to/from myocardium |
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Definition
| coronary arteries and cardiac veins |
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Term
| how do coronary vessels course through heart |
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Definition
| between epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) and myocardium (muscle of the heart) |
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Term
| how does the endocardium receive oxygen? |
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Definition
| via diffusion/microvascularization from within the chambers of the heart |
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Term
| describe the right coronary artery |
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Definition
| arises from the aortic sinus, courses in the coronary groove between atria and ventricles, gives off sinoatrial branch to SA node, gives off right marginal branch then courses to the posterior aspect of the heart, gives off the AV nodal branch to the AV node, ends with the posterior interventricular branch which supplies ventricles, anastomoses with branches of left coronary artery |
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Term
| describe the left coronary artery |
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Definition
| arises from aortic sinus, divides into 2 branches: anterior interventricular and circumflex branch, |
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Term
| what does anterior interventricular artery from left coronary artery do? |
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Definition
| supplies ventricles and anastomoses with right coronary artery |
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Term
| what does circumflex branch of left coronary artery do? |
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Definition
| courses posterior aspect of heart, gives off left marginal branch |
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Term
| describe coronary bypass surgery |
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Definition
| done in patients with obstructions to coronary arteries; great saphenous vein from leg or internal thoracic artery connected proximal and distal to occlusion to reroute blood |
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Term
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Definition
| veins of heart empty into coronary sinus; coronary sinus empties into right atrium |
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Term
| which veins drain into coronary sinus |
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Definition
| great cardiac vein from anterior heart, middle cardiac vein next to posterior interventricular artery, small cardiac vein next to right coronary artery |
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Term
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Definition
| near superior vena cava and right atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| initiates and regulates impulses for atrial contraction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| receives signal from SA node and distributes signal to ventricles and papillary muscles via AV bundles and purkinje fibers |
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Term
| what does sympathetic innervation to the heart do? |
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Definition
| increases heart rate and force of contraction; dilates arteries |
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Term
| what does parasympathetic innervation to the heart do? |
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Definition
| via vagus nerve, decreases heart rate and force of contraction and constricts coronary arteries |
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Term
| what are the steps of sympathetic innervation to the heart? |
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Definition
| 1. preganglionic sympathetics (GVE) destined for heart originate in upper thoracic segments of lateral horn (T1-T5); exit cord via ventral root; enter sympathetic chain via white ramus; synapse on postganglionic nerve; pierce sympathetic chain and project to heart as cardiac sympathetic nerve |
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Term
| what nerve provides parasympathetic innervation (GVE) to the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the path of cardiac parasympathetic innervation? |
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Definition
| 1. preganglionic neurons arise in the medulla; 2. neurons are conveyed to cardiac region via vagus nerve; 3. synapse on postganglionic neurons in the cardiac plexus on or near the surface of the heart 4. postganglionic neurons are then distributed to the heart/myocardium |
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Term
| what do chordae tendinae and papillary muscles do? |
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Definition
| prevent eversion of the valve cusps |
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Term
| what is the left atrioventricular ostium? |
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Definition
| opening through which blood courses from left atrium to left ventricle |
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Term
| what is the sulcus terminalis? |
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Definition
| groove on external surface of right atrium that separates smooth and rough walls (external part of crista terminalis) |
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Term
| what is the fossa ovalis? |
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Definition
| fetal remnant of oval foramen |
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Term
| what is the conus arteriosus? |
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Definition
| smooth walled portion leading up to pulmonary trunk |
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Term
| what is the valve of the foramen ovale? |
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Definition
| depression in the interatrial septum |
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Term
| which has thicker walls, left or right ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do chordae tendinae and papillary muscles do? |
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Definition
| prevent eversion of the valve cusps |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular contraction (emptying): closing of atrioventricular valves; opening of aortic and pulmonary valves |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular relaxation (filling): atrial contraction; atrioventricular valves open |
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Term
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Definition
| lupp = closure of mitral/tricuspid valves |
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Term
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Definition
| dubb = closure of semilunar valves |
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Term
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Definition
| proximal portion of aorta above the semilunar valve |
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Term
| what comes from aortic sinus? |
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Definition
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Term
| are coronary arteries above or below the aortic valve? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how many semilunar cusps make up the aortic valve? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is on the aortic semilunar cusp? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to aortic valve during systole? |
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Definition
| ventricles contract and semilunar valve opens |
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Term
| what happens to aortic valve during diastole? |
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Definition
| valve closes, backflowing blood fills aortic sinus and coronary arteries |
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Term
| where is the apex of the heart? |
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Definition
| 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line |
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Term
| where do you go to listen to valves of the heart? |
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Definition
| not above the valves but where the blood goes after the valves because blood is a good sound conductor |
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Term
| what is the path of prenatal circulation? |
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Definition
| 1. oxygenated blood flows from the placenta via the umbilical vein; 2. umbilical vein flows into liver where it joins the inferior vena cava; 3. blood from the inferior vena cava flows into the right atrium then through the foramen ovale to the left atrium; 4. left atrium contracts propelling blood into left ventricle; 5. left ventricle contracts propelling blood throughou systemic circulation; 6. blood returns to placenta via umbilical arteries |
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Term
| what happens if blood flows into right ventricle in baby? |
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Definition
| blood is diverted from pulmonary trunks via ductus arteriosus into aorta where it joins systemic circulation |
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Term
| which two structures insure that blood does not reach underdevelped lung tissues |
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Definition
| ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale |
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Term
| what are the physiologic mechanisms that result in postnatal circulation? |
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Definition
| umbilical vein obliterates from umbilical cord and becomes ligamentum teres, ductus arteriosus obliterates and becomes ligamentum arteriosum, pressure changes in atria close foramen ovale, umbilical arteries obliterate and scar along abdomen wall |
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Term
| what arteries branch from right coronary artery? |
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Definition
| AV nodal branch, SA nodal branch, right marginal branch, posterior interventricular branch |
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Term
| describe the position (open or closed) of the valves of the heart during diastole |
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Definition
| AV valves (tricuspid, bicuspid) are open, semilunar valves are closed |
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Term
| through what vessel does left atrium receive oxygenated blood from the lungs? |
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Definition
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