General requirements for all methods of construction.

F° to C°

C° to F°

F° = (1.8 (C°)) + 32

C° = (F° - 32) / 1.8

LANE ÷ 231

L = Length of stroke of the pump

A = Area of water piston (in²)

N = number of strokes per minute

E = pump efficiency

P = (SET ÷ R(F))

P = pressure

S = Tensile strength

E = Efficiency

T = Thickness

R = Radius 

F = Factor of Safety

1 - General Provisions

2 - Power Boilers

4 - Heating Boilers

7 - Air tanks

9 - Refrigeration / AC

10 - Material Specifications

11 - Welding Specifications

15 - NBIC

16 - Controls / safety division

17 - Piping

18 - Continuing Education

19 - Portable Boiler

1 - Set the Boiler to Manual / Low Fire

2 - Air register cycles to minimum

3 - prove fuel is shut (double block) and bleed open

4 - Forced draft on

5 - Air register open, purge for 8 air changes

6 - Air register to minimum

7 - Igniter fires than pilot lines open

8 - prove pilot

9 - main fuel open than prove main fuel

10 - pilot closes

11 - close vent 10-15psi

12 - turn to Auto at 50% operating pressure

To have charge of and operate

• a boiler or boilers not exceeding, in the aggregate, 150 Hp when solid fuel is burned
• a boiler not exceeding, in the aggregate, 500 Hp when steam is generated by atomic energy or any other source of heat
• engine or engines not exceeding 50 Hp each
• or to operate a Second Class Plant under the engineer in direct charge therefore.

Differential - difference from moving to stationary

Absolute - measurement of shell expansion with respect to a stationary point on the turbine

Ws [ Hs - (TempFeedWater - 32)]

Wf * C

Ws - Weight of the steam (lb/hr)

Hs - Enthalpy of the steam

Wf - Weight of the fuel

C - Heat content of the fuel (BTU) 

Temp of the feedwater - 32 = enthalpy of the feedwater 

1 - energy can neither be created or destroyed, energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another

2 - no machine, actual or ideal, can both continuously and completely transform heat into mechanical energy. (no system is 100% efficient)

14.540 (C) + 62,000 (H - (O/8) + 4050 (S)

                 Carbon          Hydrogen   Oxygen      Sulfur

1 - attemperator - De-super heaters

2 - combo Radiant/convection super heaters

3 - separately fired super heaters

4 - tilting burners

5 - Bypass dampers

6 - Soot blowing

amount of BTU produced per cubic feet of furnace volume per hour.

(Electric boilers - 3.5lbs per hour per Kwh)

Double flow

Opposed flow

Balanced Piston

The melting of 1ton (2,000 lbs) of ice in 24hrs

288,000 Btu total

12,000 Btu/h

Labyrinth seals (forms a treacherous path)

Carbon rings

water seals

(all the above are types of steam seal)

29.92 inHg

14.696 psi

33.95' Water Column 

Popping pressure / blowback

Requires new name plate from manufacturer

1 - loss o f vacuum pump

2 - plugged condenser tubes

3 - poor cooling

4 - loss of steam seals 

5 - blown tube

6 - low hotwell level

7 - loss of capture discs

8 - loss of Air Injection

9 - loss of loop seal

1 - heat out the stack

2 - water vapor (hydrogen)

3 - unburned fuel in ash

4 - incomplete combustion

5 - moisture in fuel

6 - moisture in air

7 - radiation 

- must relieve first

 - protects superheaters

- valve spring should be exposed for visual inspection so you dont have to take down the oiler

- must be able to relieve at least 23% of reliving capacity

(ASME Section 1)

1 - manufacture name or trade mark

2 - manufacture design or type number

3 - size of safety valve(in), seat diameter

4 - popping pressure setting (psig)

5 - Blowdown (psi)

6 - Capacity (lb/hr)

7 - lift of the valve (in)

8 - year built or code mark

9 - ASME symbol

10 - Serial number

elliptical 11"x15" or 12"x16"

circular 15"

High / Low / No

Combustions

High - CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide)

Low - O₂ (Oxygen)

No - CO (Carbon Monoxide)

40 = Heavy

80 = Extra heavy

160 = double extra heavy

W = (c) (H) (.75)

1100

W = weight of steam 

C = Heat content

H = heating valve 

1100 = enthalpy of steam

determines blowdown frequency

(conductivity in the boiler compared to conductivity in the feedwater)

Saty bolts nees at least a ___" tell tale and submerges at least __" in water.

3/16"

1"

to prevent all the following:

- scale

-corrosion

- caustic embrittlement

- carry over

- foaming

- priming

BTU in one 

1 - Mechanical HP

2 - one Kwh

1 - 2,545

2 - 3413

100 psi 

(and must be composed of material suitable for pressures up to 250psi) 

.433 psi = hydro pressure

1 psi of hydro pressure = 2.31' WC

(how much is the hydrostatic pressure for 10' W.C.

Answer: 10*.433 = 4.33)

Location

Name of plant/owner

Size / unit #

Inspector signature

MAWP

Date

Soot blowing

Bypass damper

Separately fired super heaters

tilting burners

attemperators 

P - d

P

p = pitch

d = diameter

designed to retrieve heat from gases of combustion located between boiler and chimney.

Two types:

-convectional (tubular/plate)

-Regenerative

40° size = 1% efficiency increase

lbs/steam hr

manufacturer - serial #

year built

boiler heating surface

WWHS (water wall heating surface)

Define:

- Safety Valve

 - Relief Valve

- Safety Valve is an Automatic pressure relieving device which opens wide (full open) used for gas/vapor

- Relief valve is an automatic pressure relieving device which opens proportionally ( opens wider as the pressure increases). usually used for liquids

No machine actual or ideal can both continuously and completely transform heat into mechanical energy.

Nothing is 100% efficient.

Radiant - Low loads

Convection - High Loads

Tubular glass MAWP ____

Flat glass above ____

First safety valve set at _____

Second safety valve set at _____

Superheater set at ____

First safety valve set at MAWP

Second safety valve 3% above MAWP

Superheater 10% above the second

enthalpy

entropy

constant pressure

cons. temperature

cons. moisture

cons. superheat

saturation line / standard atmosphere 

- Vibration

- Over speed

 - High back pressure

- Low Steam Temp 

- High exhaust temp

- High differential

ASME preamble

Jurisdiction - Boiler proper and to external piping, superheaters, economizers, and other pressure parts connected directly to boiler. without intervening

 valves.

Water column pipe sizes:

water column to boiler ___

water column to blowdown ___

water column pipe to gauge glass ____

gauge glass blow down ____

water column to boiler 1"

water column to blowdown ¾"

water column pipe to gauge glass ½

gauge glass blowdown ¼"

- contact probe

- proximity probe

1 - moisture in fuel

2 - moisture in air

3 - up the stack

4 - Radiant losses

5 - unburned fuel in the ash

6 - Incomplete combustion

7 - water vapor hydrogen in the fuel

- At the direction of inspector!!!

Remove or bag safety valves, valve out gauge glass, fill boiler with clean treated water at 70 to 120°F until water comes out the vent, then close it. increase pressure with pump until reading 1 ½ times MAWP, hold as long as inspector wishes, then reduce to MAWP for a close inspection.

Upon completion, remove pressure and test to NOWL.

How acidic or alkaline

the algorithm  of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ions concentration.

310 CMR

section 7.00

Air pollution control

522 Cmr 2.06

paragraph 4

Accordance with NOIC

1-90

2 - Board of boiler rules

6 - Anual inspection / extension / first inspection

21 - prep for inspection / forbidding operations

34 - compressed air tanks / inspection / (36)

46 - Necessary of license

46 A - Steam boiler maintenance log

48 - Ascertainment of horse power

49 - Classes of licenses / work permitted / renewal 

Composed of chief inspectors of states/municipalities in the U.S. and provinces of Canada that have adopted the NBIC. Administers / enforces NBIC.

1 - Installation

2 - Inspection

3 - Repair / alterations

4 - pressure relief devices

Environmental Protection 

- sec 7: Air Pollution 

7.06 opacity 

violation:   >20% (or 1 on chart) for more than 6 minutes during a one hour period or 2 min (when required)

violation: 40% at any time or #2 on chart

7.13 - stack testing

7.27 - NOX allowance

1970, ammende in 77 and 90

reduce - particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and mercury emissions

EPA - 250 million Btu hr/greater

no particulate in excess of .10lb per million Btu input

Opacity - no greater than 20, except to 40 for 2min

Surfur dioxide - 1.2lb for every 1 million Btu fired

CMR 2.02

daily operations, maintenance and personnel. Make daily visits 

leave daily instructions

sign book

9-250 Hp

- Daily maintenance required by log

- same building

- equipped with Auto shutdown devices

- safe operation is primary duty

251 - 500 Hp

- everything included in periodic attendance

- remote monitoring station with shutdown switches 

- inspected 4-6 times per shift

A - Boiler Assembly

S - Power Boiler

M - Miniature Boiler

E - Electric Boiler

V - Safety valve

H - Heating Boiler

PP - Pressure pipping 

U - Unfired pressure vessel

1 - manufacturer tag Steam output ÷ 34.5

2 - manufacturer tag on burner BTU input ÷ 41.840

3 - Manu. tag on boiler BTU output ÷ 33.475

up to / including 1¾" = 9HP

over 1¾" and up to 3½" = 50 HP

over 3½ and up to 5" - 150 HP

Over 5" = 500 HP

Pressure > 15psi, (steam)

160 psi / 200°F for water

Positive charged ions

- calcium

- magnesium

- maganese

- Iron

- Potassium

- Sodium

Regens with ACID

Negative charged ions, normally:

- Nitrates

- Sulfates

- Silica

- Chloride 

- Alkalinity

Regen with CAUSTIC

Ultrasonic, visual inspection, eddy current, magnetic particle, radiographic (X-ray)

ASME sec 5

Based on External diameter of steam supply

up to 1¾ - 9Hp

> 1¾ to 3½ - 50 HP

> 3½ to 5" - 150HP

> 5" to unlimited

Steam flow

HP = [WS(h1-h2)]/2545

Generator:   1Kw = 1.34Hp.        1.34 * #Kw(h)

       1.34 * #KVA * PF

Kw * 3.5

34.5

Volume and Weight in air for 

O₂ and N₂

Volume:

O₂ = 20.91%. (21%)

N₂ = 79.09%. (79%)

Weight:

O₂ = 23.15%. (23%)

N₂ = 76.85%. (77%)

1 - Open exhaust

2 - line up drains

3 - check lubrication

4 - open throttle/start and listen

5 - open steam slowly / let governor take over

6 - activate overspeed trip / close throttle / reset trip

7 - open throttle / bring up to speed

8 - close all steam drains

1 - start aux oil pump / check level and pressure

2 - open up drains 

3 - open bleed valves

4 - cooling water on 

5 - establish seals (high/low pressure)

6 - open steam then close and listen

7 - if no noise run at 200rpm for ½hr to warm casing

8 - close drains

9 - start condensate pump

10 - start air ejector

11 - bring turbine to speed/trip 

12 - close steam 

13 - reset trip and bring back up to speed (governor working)

14 - place online ASAP at least 20% load

15 - cut in bleed

16 - check frequently during first few hours

Boiler #

type of boiler

name of plant

location

psi allowed

safety valve set at

Reviewed operations log book

boiler / turbine notes

signature / license #

Name of plant

pressure allowed

safety valve set point / #s hr

type of boiler

Ex: date/time

continuous blowdown settings; surface blowdown valves open; gauge glass blowdown; low water cutoff tested; safety valves manually tested

aux equipment checked; boiler ignition verified; boiler room cleaned; internal conditions; operators notes / signature and license #

≤ 70 psi = ± 2%

> 70 ≤ 300 psi = ± 3%

> 300 ≤ 1000 psi = ± 10 psi

< 1000 = 1%

1 - general provisions

2 - power boiler

4 - heating boilers

7 - air tanks

9 - refrigerant / AC systems

10 - materials specifications

11 - welding specs.

15 - NBIC

16 - controls / safety devices

17 - pipping

1 - construction of power boilers

2 - material

4 - construction of heating boiler

5 - non destructive examinations

6 - recommended rules for heating boilers

7 - recommended guidelines for care of power boilers

8 - construction at pressure vessels

9 - welding / brazing qualifications

(they stablished rules of safety governing design, fabrication, and inspection during construction of boilers / pressure vessels)

5 member board that promulgates regulations on boilers and pressure vessels for 522 CMR.

(Edward Kawa, Anthony Lucia, Charles Perry, Leah Francis, Max Greig

1 - remove units must be in feet

2 - find circumference (Π * Diameter)

3 - multiply circumference by length (ΠDL) = equation

(fire tube subtract wall thickness from your diameter)