Term
| Hypoproliferative Anemias |
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Definition
Acquired, constitutional disorder with chronic bone marrow hypocelluarlity
The bone marrow is replaced by fat
Aplasia
Pancytopenia
Erythroid, myeloid, or megakaryocytic hypoplasia
Toxic granulation in neutrophils
Hemoglobin: <7
Increased serum iron and transferrin
Increased EPO
Increased hemoglobin F
Insidious - Presents with bruising and petikia of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
Bone Cellularity: <25% plus two of the following
-Granulocyte count: <.5 x 10^9
-Platelet count: <20 x 10^9
-Anemia with a corrected retic count of <1%
Pancytopenia due to a hypocellular bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
Constitutional form of hypoproliferative anemia
Leads to chromosomal instability
Can cause dysplasia of the bones, renal abnormalities, other organ malfunctions, or mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
Subset of Fanconi's Anemia
Mucocutaneous abnormality that causes defects in the intestinal mucosal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The bone marrow is infiltrated with Fibrotic Granulomatis (aka neoplastic cells or cancer cells) |
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Term
| Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia |
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Definition
Rare, refractory anemia
Macrocytic
Causes abnormal, ineffective erythropoiesis |
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Term
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Definition
Does not affect the WBC cell lines
Retic count: <1%
3 Types |
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Term
| Acquired Acute Pure Red Cell Aplasia |
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Definition
Causes an aplastic crisis
Can be caused by sickle-cell anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinura, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Severe anemia
Decreased retics
Normal platelets and RBC's
Increased hemoglobin F |
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Term
| Acquired Chronic Pure Red Cell Aplasia |
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Definition
Happens in middle-aged adults with immunological suppression
Severe Anemia
Decreased retics
Normal platelets and RBC's
Increased hemoglobin F |
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Term
| Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome |
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Definition
Congenital
Normocytic or macrocytic anemia
Progressive erythroblastic hyperplasia
Results from a problem in the stem cells
Does not affect platelets or leukocytes
Normal EPO levels
Increased hemoglobin F
Cranial-facial dysmorphism
Growth retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| The kidney is not producing EPO or dialysis removes the folate from the body |
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Term
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Definition
Increased WBC's
- >11 x 10^9 |
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Term
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Definition
Decreased WBC's
- <4 x 10^9 |
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Term
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Definition
WBC count: >25 or >50 x 10^9
A lot of immature precursors
Distinguished from leukemia by seeing if it has the Philadelphia chromosome and if the LAP scores are increased
No Philadelphia chromosome
LAP scores are normal |
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Term
| Quantitative Neutrophil Disorders |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Increased neutrophils
- >7 x 10^9
Can be caused by acute infections, hemorrhages, inflammation, intoxication, drugs, poison, stress, leukemias, or myeloproliferative disorders |
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Term
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Definition
aka Pseudoneutrophilia
aka Redistribution
Neutrophils line the vessel walls and are thus not counted, but they come out all at once when there is an infection |
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Term
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Definition
aka Agranulocytosis
Decreased neutrophils
- <.5 x 10^9
Can be caused by decreased bone marrow production, increased cell loss, increased diapedesis, hyposplenism, acute infections, chemodialysis, certain medications, x-rays, or stress |
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Term
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Definition
aka False Neutropenia
Neutrophils agglutinate or disintegrate |
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Term
| Chronic Granulomatis Disease |
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Definition
Affects the respiratory-burst-oxidase system
People with this die at 5-7 years old |
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Term
| Myeloperoxidase Deficiency |
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Definition
Lack of myeloperoxidase
Benign |
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Term
| Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency |
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Definition
No leukocyte cell-adhesion proteins
Deadly |
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Term
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Definition
Neutrohils have large, purple granules in the cytoplasm
Missing enzymes results in increased mucopolysaccharides
Cells function normally
Seen in Hurler's Syndrome and Hunter's Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Results in death in childhood or infancy
Cells cannot kill of bacteria
Symptoms include skin pigmentation, silvery hair, and photophobia
Neutrophils have giant, gray-green peroxidase-positive granules in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
Neutrophils have inclusions similar to dohle bodies made up of RNA from the endoplasmic reticulum
Neutrophils function normally, but the platelets do not
Decreased platelets
Giant platelets |
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Term
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Definition
Increased eosinophils
- >.5 x 10^9 |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be caused by allergies, asthma, parasites, some cancers, or chronic inflammation |
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Term
| Hypereosinophilia Syndrome |
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Definition
Eosinocyte count: >1.5 x 10^9
Persistent
Idiopathic
Damages the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Decreased eosinophils
Seen in acute infections, inflammatory reactions, and glucocorticosteroids |
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Term
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Definition
Increased basophils
- >.15 x 10^9
Seen in anaphylactic shock, hypoactive thyroidism, ulcerative colitis, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myeloproliferative disorders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Increased monocytes
- >.8 x 10^9
Seen in inflammation, malignancies (eg: Hodgkin's Lymphoma), strenuous exercise, active tuberculosis, cephalus, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, and trauma |
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Term
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Definition
Decreased monocytes
- <.2 x 10^9
Seen in stem cell disorders and aplastic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Causes a deficiency in gluco-cerebral sidase
Large monocyte with a centered nucleus
Cytoplasm has a crumpled paper look |
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Term
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Definition
Found in Ashkenazi Jews
Caused by a defect in sphingomyelinase
Leads to an increase in sphingomyelins and siroid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tay-Sachs
Sanoff Disease
Wolven Disease |
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Term
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Definition
Increased lymphocytes
Absolute lymphocyte count: >4, or >40% |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by the epstein-barr virus
Symptoms include lethargy, headache, fever, chills, sore throat, nausea, fatigue, lymphadenopathies, enlarged spleen, and an enlarged liver
Reactive lymphocytes
WBC count: 12-25 x 10^9
Self-limiting
Increased susceptibility to infections
Positive heterophile antibody test |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by Toxoplasma gondii
Reactive lymphocytes
Negative heterophile antibody test
Toxoplasma antibodies are present
Found in all cells but the RBC's
Found in cat feces
Can be pass congenitally and cause problems in the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
Herpes-group virus that can be acquired or passed congenitally
Absolute lymphocytosis
Virus found in urine of blood
Symptoms similar to mono
Negative heterophile antibody test
Decreased T-helper cells
Increased T-suppressor cells |
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Term
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Definition
Leukocytosis of 40-50 x 10^9
60-70% small lymphocytes that are not reactive
Occurs in children
Leukocytosis and lymphocytosis occur during the first week and then go away |
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Term
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Definition
aka Whooping Cought
Lymphocytosis
- 15-25 x 10^9
- Small lymphocytes
Toxic changes in the granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Rare
Found in young, middle-aged, heavily-smoking women |
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Term
| Lymphocytic Leukemoid Reaction |
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Definition
Relative lymphocytosis, rarely absolute
Large, reactive lymphocytes
Deep-blue cytoplasm
Fine chromatin
Cytoplasmic vacuoles
Bone marrow shows minimal or no increase in lymphocytes
-Distinguishes this from CLL
Seen in younger people |
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Term
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Definition
Can be caused by rubeola infections, skin diseases like Sarcoidosis, or cirrhosis of the liver
Increased plasmacytes |
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Term
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Definition
Decreased lymphocytes
-Absolute lymphocyte count: <1 x 10^9
Results in an inability to mount an immune response
Can also be caused by malnutrition, neoplasms, Hodgkin's disease, chemotherapy, inflammation, or stress |
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Term
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
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Definition
Caused by Rotavirus HIV-1
Causes other problems in the body due to the immune deficiency
Decreased WBC's
Decreased platelets
Macrocytic anemia
3 Stages
Opportunistic infection or other clinical condition associated with cell-mediated immune defects
CD4 count: >200 cells/miconliter
Screened for using the Antibody Test
Confirmed using the Western Blot Test
Monitored using CD4 counts and viral loads
Treated using AZT and protease inhibitors
Transmitted through blood or sexually |
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Term
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCIDS) |
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Definition
Group of disorders that cause major qualitative immune defects
Decreased absolute lymphocyte count
T- and B- lymphoid systems are decreased
-Affects both the humoral and cellular immune responses
Most people die within the first 2 years of life
Sex-linked
Decreased IgA, IgG, IgE
Normal IgM |
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Term
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Definition
Sex-linked, Recessive
Characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia, and immunodeficiency
Causes abnormal antibody production
Decreased IgM
Results in low to no blood group antibodies
Decreased T-lymphocytes
Low platelets, results in abnormal bleeding
Most die before age 10 |
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Term
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Definition
Absence of hyperplasia of the thymus
Results in no T-cells
-Leads to susceptibility to viral, fungal, and bacterial infections
Symptoms include hypoparathyroidism, heart defects, dysmorphic face, and hypocalcemia
Decreased CD4
Death usually happens within the first year of life unless a thymic graph works |
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Term
| Sex-linked Agammaglobulinemia |
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Definition
aka Burton's Disease
Respiratory and skin infections
Decreased or no T-lymphocytes
-Results in decreased or no antibodies
Therapy is gammaglobulin injections |
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Term
| Hereditary Ataxia-Telangiectasia |
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Definition
Symptoms include neurological disease, immune dysfunction, predisposition for malignancy, chronic respiratory infections, and lymphoid malignancies
Lymphoid malignances are the most common cause of death with this disease
Decreased IgA, IgG, IgE
Increased IgM |
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Term
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Definition
Sudden onset
Lots of blasts
Most common found in children aged 2-5
Mild to severe anemia
Decreased platelets
WBC count is variable
Hypercellular bone marrow (<30% blasts)
Auer rods |
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Term
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Definition
Found in adults aged 50+
Insidious onset
Can be asymptomatic for a time
Mild anemia
Decreased platelets
Increased WBC's |
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Term
| Myeloproliferative Disorders (MPD's) |
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Definition
Non-malignant
Pancellular bone marrow
The names imply which cell line is increased the most
Hypercellular bone marrow
- <30% blasts for FAB
- <20% blasts for WHO |
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Term
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes |
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Definition
Cells lines are less productive
Bone marrow is hypocellular
Cytopenia and dysplasia in the blood due to ineffective hematopoiesis
-The bone marrow is making extra cells, but they are getting destroyed before they can leave
Leukocytes are shifted to the left
Hypercellular bone marrow
- <30% blasts for FAB
- <20% blasts for WHO
Tend to lead to leukemias
Increased apoptosis
Usually happens in males 60+
Present with weakness, fatigue, increased infections, and splenomegally
Unresponsive to therapy
May be secondary reactions to chemotherapy, radiation, or exposure to toxic substances
RBC's are dimorphic macrocytes that don't last long
Basophilic Stippling
NRBC's
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Sideroblasts
Anisocytes
Poikilocytes
Reticulocytes
Neutropenia
Hypogranular WBC's
Pseudo-pelger-huets
Monocytosis
Decreased platelets
Giant, hypogranular platelets
Macro-ovalocytes |
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Term
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) |
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Definition
Malignant neoplastic proliferation
An accumulation of immature and non-functional hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow
Happens fast
These cells escape apoptosis and keep increasing
A problem in the myeloid cell line
Blasts in the peripheral blood
Decreased RBC's and platelets
Auer rods (The hallmark)
Howell-Jolly bodies
Pappenheimer bodies
Basophilic stippling
NRBC's
Elevated uric acid, LDH, and calcium
Monocytosis and basophilia (sometimes)
Hypocellular bone marrow with decreased fat and <30% blasts
8 subtypes under FAB
4 main subtypes under WHO |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
Myeloblasts without granules
Type 1 blasts
Negative on cytochemical stains
CD12, CD33, CD34
<5% of the AML's
Rare |
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Term
| AML-M1 with Minimal Maturation |
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Definition
FAB
Most common AML
Found in both adults and children
Type 1 and 2 blasts, 90% of which are non-erythroid
Positive sudan black B and peroxidase
Trisomy 8
t(9;22) - Philadelphia chromosome
t(6;9)
Decreased platelets
Normocytic, normochromic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
More maturation past the blast stage
Promyelocytes and myelocytes
Auer rods
Phi bodies
Positive myeloperoxidase, sudan black B, and chloroacetate esterase
t(8;22)
Usually found in adults
90% blasts, Type 1 and 2
10% promyelocytes and myelocytes
Treatment is leukapheresis
Death results from bleeding and septicemia
Most common AML in adults |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
Usually seen in young adults and the elderly
Hypergranular or hypogranular promyelocytes
Faggot cells
Positive peroxidase, sudan black B, chloroacetate esterase, and nonspecific esterase
t(15;17)
Folded nuclei
Hypogranular cytoplasm
Metachromatic granules
Most people have bleeding troubles
Treatment is retinoic acid and heparin therapy |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
>30% blasts, Type 1 and 2
Promyelocytes and monoblasts
Pseudo-pelger-huets
Hypogranular neutrophils
Monocytes: >5
Increased eosinophils
Positive peroxidase, sudan black B, chloroacetate esterase, and nonspecific esterase
Will see serum and urine lysozymes and uraminase due to an increase in monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
Monoblasts with lacy, nuclear chromatin
Decreased platelets
Pseudo-pelger-huets
WBC count: 5-20
>80% monoblasts
Positve nonspecific esterase
Myeloperoxidase and sudan black B can be positive or negative
Usually found in children
Symptoms include weakness, bleeding, and skin rashes
Increased uraminase
Rapidly fatal |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
More mature monocytes than AML-M5a |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
>50% monoblastic erythroid precursors
Positive myeloperoxidase, sudan black B, and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase
Decreased LAP score
Bleeding
CD71
Glycophorin A positive |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
Increased megakaryoblasts
Positive nonspecific esterase, chloroacetate esterase, and platelet peroxidase
Dry taps
CD41 and CD61
Abnormalities in chromosome 21 |
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Term
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Definition
WHO
Found in children or young adults
Auer rods
Pseudo-pelger-huets
Eosinophilia |
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Term
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Definition
WHO
Increase in the myeloid and monocytic lines
Eosinophilia |
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Term
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Definition
WHO
Same as promyelocytic leukemia
Auer rods
Faggot cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
WHO
A myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic syndrome turns into this
Pancytopenia
Neutrophilia
Hypergranular neutrophils
Pseudo-pelger-huets
Segmented nucleoli
RBC precursors
Vacuoles
Megaloblastic ringed sideroblasts |
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Term
| AML as a Result of Previous Therapy-Related Myelodysplasias |
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Definition
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Term
| AML Minimally Differentiated |
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Definition
WHO
No cell maturation
Negative myeloperoxidase and sudan black B
Same as AML-M0 |
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Term
| Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) |
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Definition
Usually found in children aged 2-5
Rapid onset
Symptoms include pallor, weakness, fever, bone and joint pain, bleeding, enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, enlarged liver
Only affects the lymphocytic line
Variable WBC count
Neutropenia
Immature lymphoid cells
Small blasts with scanty cytoplasm
Normocytic, normochromic anemia
Decreased platelets
Hypocellular bone marrow
- >30% lymphoblasts under FAB
- >20% lymphoblasts under WHO
The lymphoblasts are PAS positive, positive or negative for acid phosphatase, and negative for sudan black B and peroxidase |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
Small lymphoblasts with fine, clumped chromatin
Homogeneous
Nucleus has a clip or indentation, with small or no nucleoli
Cytoplasm is scant with slight to moderate basophilia
No macrophage activity
Responsive to therapy
Usually found in children |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
Usually found in adults
Moderate response to therapy
Large lymphoblasts (twice as large as lymphocytes)
Heterogeneous
One or more large prominent nucleoli
Cytoplasm amount varies
Varying amount of basophilia and vacuolization
The blasts are peroxidase negative and TdT-positive |
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Term
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Definition
FAB
Found in children and adults
Burkitt and Non-Burkitt type
Poor response to therapy
Large lymphoblasts with fine, clumped chromatin
Oval nucleus with 1 or more large, prominent nucleoli
Cytoplasm is moderately abundant with deep basophilia and prominent vacuoles
t(8;14) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ALL with Lineage Heterogeneity |
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Definition
2 populations of leukemic cells
-Lymphoid and myeloid |
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Term
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Definition
| No markers for T-cells or B-cells |
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Term
| Acute Undifferentiated Leukemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Myeloid/Natural Killer Cell Acute Leukemia |
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Definition
| Lacks HLADR, CD3, and CD5 |
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Term
| Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML) |
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Definition
3 Phases (Chronic Phase, Accelerated Phase, Blast Crisis)
t(9;22) - Philadelphia Chromosome
Most common MPD
Found in people 40-50 years of age, both men and women
Insidious onset
Symptoms include weakness, fever, sweats, GI bleeding, weight loss, pallor, splenomegally, petikia, bruising, and chloromas due to organ infiltration
Leukocytosis (>100 x 10^9)
Thrombocytosis
Normocytic, normochromic anemia
Pseudo-pelger-huets
Decreased LAP score
Shift to the left (<20% blasts)
Bone marrow is 90-100% cellular
Increased M:E ratio
Small megakaryocytes
Auer rods
NRBC's
Retic count is normal to increased |
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Term
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Definition
Affects 10-14 year-olds
WBC count: 30
<10% blasts
LAP score is normal to increased
Resistant to chemotherapy |
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Term
| Chronic Eosinophilia Leukemia |
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Definition
Seen in middle-aged males
30-70% of the WBC's are eosinophils |
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Term
| Chronic Basophilia Leukemia |
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Definition
Seen in middle-aged males
40-80% of the WBC's are basophils |
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Term
| Chronic Neutrophilia Leukemia |
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Definition
No Philadelphia chromosome
Seen in people over 50 years of age
Increased LAP score
Diagnosed by exclusion |
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Term
| Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia (MMM) |
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Definition
Caused by an unregulated proliferation of hematopoietic cells, extramedullary hematopoiesis, or fibrosis
Fibroblasts, stimulated by cytokines released by abnormal cells, overtake the bone marrow
Found gene mutations in 50% of cases
Cause unknown
Found in men and women over 50
Symptoms include weakness, weight loss, loss of appetite, night sweats, and pain in the extremities
Patients have folate deficiency due to increased utilization
Negative Philadelphia chromosome
Increased uric acid and LDH
Moderate leukoerythroblastic anemia that is normocytic, normochromic
Anisocytosis
Dacrycytes
Elliptocytes
Basophilic Stippling
LDH is normal to increased
Dry taps
NRBC's
Pseudo-pelger huets
Variable platelet count
Patients live 4-5 years
Increased fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
RBC line is affected the most
Increased absolute RBC count
Clonal stem cell defect
Increased ECLX which inhibits apoptosis
Seen in people aged 40-60, commonly in males of Ashkenazi Jew descent
Symptoms include headaches, weakness, curitis, weight loss, fatigue, thrombotic or hemorrhagic episodes, and plethora
Hematocrit: >60
Most patients transition from this to AML
30% of patients have myelofibrosis
Absolute erythrocytosis with normal to increased retics
Normochromic, normocytic anemia to microcytic, hypochromic anemia
Sed rates below 2-3mm due to the thickness of the blood
Leukocytosis in 2/3 of cases
Hypercellular bone marrow
Increased platelets
Normal oxygen saturation
Treatment is phlebotomy
Tests include Total Blood Volume, Arterial Oxygen Saturation, Spleen size, and EPO measurements |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by high altitudes, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or obesity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Due to increased plasma levels seen in dehydration or increased EPO |
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Term
| Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) |
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Definition
Affects the platelet line the most
Platelet count is over 1-million
Hemorrhages
Thrombosi
Increased serum EPO
Clonal disorder
-The stem cells have a decreased surface receptor for TPO and increased serum levels
Increased sensitivity to interleukin 3 and interleukin 6
Most patients with this get PV, MMM, or leukemia
Affects 2 age groups (50-60, and 20-30)
Insidious onset
May present with bleeding or blood clots
Platelets have abnormal functions
Giant, bizarre platelets
Increased WBC's
Bone marrow is hyperplastic with increased megakaryocytes
Increased serum-cobalamine, uric acid, LDH, acid phosphatase, and potassium
LAP score is normal to increased
Patients live about 5 years |
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Term
|
Definition
FAB
Unresponsive to therapy
Low to no ringed sideroblasts
Macrocytic ovalocytes
<1% blasts in the peripheral blood
<5% blasts in the bone marrow
WBC and platelet counts are normal |
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Term
| Refractory Anemia with Ringed Sideroblasts (FAB) |
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Definition
FAB
Increased ringed sideroblasts
Hypercellular bone marrow
Decreased WBC's
Otherwise similar to refractory anemia |
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Term
| Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts (FAB) |
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Definition
FAB
Cytopenia in two cell lines
<5% blasts in the peripheral blood
Hypercellular bone marrow
- <20% blasts
- >9% indicate a poor prognosis
Increased ringed sideroblasts
Hypogranular neutrophils
Pseudo-pelger-huets
Symptoms include fever, bleeding, and increased infections
Giant platelets with abnormal granulation |
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Term
| Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts in Transformation (FAB) |
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Definition
FAB
>5% blasts in the peripheral blood
>20% blasts in the bone marrow
Classified as a leukemia under WHO
Auer rods
Vairable number of sideroblasts |
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Term
| Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts (WHO) |
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Definition
WHO
2 Types
-First has 5-9% blasts
-Second has 10-19% blasts |
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Term
| Myelodysplastic Syndrome with Isolated del(5q) (WHO) |
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Definition
WHO
Hypolobulated megakarycytes
Erythroid hyperplasia
Decreased platelets |
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Term
| Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia |
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Definition
<5% blasts in the peripheral blood
Increased monocytes
<20% blasts in the bone marrow
Ringed sideroblasts
Splenomegally
Elevated serum and urine lysozymes
50% of patients have hypogammaglobulinemia |
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Term
|
Definition
Leukemias within the tissues or the lymph system
Most are lymphomas
Most develop in previously healthy people who have an increased risk due to altered immune function, certain viruses and bacteria, and exposure to chemicals or toxins |
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Term
|
Definition
Enlarged lymph nodes
Benign or malignant
Not necessarily lymphomas |
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Term
|
Definition
The non-malignant lymphomas
4 Types |
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Term
| Follicular Reactive Hyperplasia |
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Definition
Most common reactive hyperplasia
Seen in the tonsils of children and young adults |
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Term
| Paracortical Reactive Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| Reactive hyperplasia associated with virus reactions, drug reactions, and chronic skin disease |
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Term
| Sinusoidal Reactive Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| Reactive hyperplasia with an expanded subscapscular cortical medullary sinus in a lymph nodes |
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Term
| Mixed Pattern Reactive Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| Reactive hyperplasia seen in toxoplasma gondii |
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Term
|
Definition
One single node region
One single extralymphatic site
Condensed to one area |
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Term
|
Definition
2+ lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm
-Upper Body or Lower Body
Covers a larger area than stage 1 |
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Term
|
Definition
Lymph node regions on both sides of the diaphragm, including the spleen
Limited, contiguous extralymphatic sites |
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Term
|
Definition
Multiple or Disseminated
Involvement of 1 or more lymphatic organs and tissues |
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|
Term
| Chronic Leukemic Lymphoid Malignancies |
|
Definition
Grouped together because the malignant cells are mature lymphs
Primarily located in the blood and bone marrow
7 Types |
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Term
| B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia |
|
Definition
Usually happens in older men
Usually asymptomatic
Lymphocytes are small with scanty cytoplasm
- >5 x 10^9
- Ginger Snaps
- <10% prolymphocytes
Smudge Cells
CD5, CD19, CD23 with weak surface IgG
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Neutropenia
Low grade
20% develop Richter's Transformation |
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|
Term
| Prolymphocytic Leukemia (PLL) |
|
Definition
Aggressive leukemic disorder
2 Types (T-Cell and B-Cell) |
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Term
| T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia |
|
Definition
Symptoms include splenomegally, skin lesions, and lymphadenopathies
Increased lymphocytes with varied appearances
CD2, CD5, CD7
Inv(14)q11q32
Anti-CD52 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy
Most patients live only 7.5 months |
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Term
| B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia |
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Definition
Usually found in adult males
Increased lymphocytes
- >300 x 10^9
- 55% are prolymphocytes
Anemia
Decreased platelets
CD20, FMC-7 with strong surface immunoglobulin
Does not take well to treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Uncommon B-cell leukemia
Found in middle-aged males
Hairy Cells
Pancytopenia
Massive splenomegally
TRAP positive
CD19, CD20, CD22, CD11c, CD25 with strong surface immunoglobulin
Increased abnormal lymphocytes in the bone marrow
Treatment includes 2-chloro-deoxyadenosine, deoxycoformycine, a-interferons, and purine analogs |
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Term
| Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia |
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Definition
| 2 Types (T-Cell and Natural Killer) |
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Term
| T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia |
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Definition
Pancytopenia
Lymphocytes with abundant, pale-staining cytoplasm with azurophilic granules and positive rheumatoid factor
CD2, CD3, CD8, CD16, CD56, and CD57
The T-cell receptors are clonally rearranged
Indolent course
80% of patients live 10 years |
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Term
| Natural Killer Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia |
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Definition
Acute presentation
Very aggressive
Decreased WBC's and RBC's
CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD56, CD57
T-cell receptors are not clonally rearranged
Rapidly fatal |
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Term
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Definition
Sezary Cells
Cutaneous T-cell leukemia
Slow progression
Treatment is localized |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 Types (Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Hodgkin's Lymphoma) |
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Term
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Definition
Buttock Cells (aka Butt Cells)
10 Types |
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Term
| Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) |
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Definition
Tissue form of CLL
Lymphadenopathies
10-year survival time
Small lymphoid cells with course chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and scanty cytoplasm
Smudge cells
Bone marrow shows nodular, diffuse, or interstitial infiltrations of the small lymphoid cells
WHO classifies this as CLL |
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Term
| Follicular Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
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Definition
Originates from germal centers
Has numerous, closely-spaced follicles that replace the normal architecture
Medium-sized lymphoid cells with angular or indented nuclei
Found in people aged 50-60
Most common Non-Hodkin's Lymphoma |
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Term
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Definition
Found in 60-year-old men
Large cell component is absent
Medium-sized lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear outlines
Main site of involvement is the lymph nodes
People live 3-5 years
Poor response to therapy
CD5, CD19, FMC-7, slg |
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Term
| Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma (MALT) |
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Definition
Lymphoepithelial lesions that infiltrate with neoplastic lymphocytes
Precede inflammatory disorders such as Helicobacter pylori, Sjorins, or Hashimotos
-Goes away if these are treated
3 Types (Nodal, Extranodal, Splenic)
Treatment can also involve radiation |
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Term
| Waldenstroms' Macroglobulinemia |
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Definition
Lymphoid malignancy that causes an increased production of monoclonal IgM
Symptoms include lymphadenopathies, hepatomegally, splenomegally, and hyperviscous syndrome
No bone lesions
Plasmaphoresis alleviates the hyperviscousity
Most people live for 4 years |
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Term
| Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) |
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Definition
Diffuse proliferation of large lymphoid cells that replace the lymph architecture and have single or multiple nucleoli
Usually found in 60-year-olds
Localized, aggresive disease
Sensitive to multi-agent chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
High grade
High incidence in Africa
Found outside Africa in people with compromised immune systems (eg: HIV)
Biopsy has a Starry Sky appearance
t(8;14) distinguishes this from DLBCL
Treatment involves aggressive chemotherapy
May see epstein-barr virus in some patients |
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Term
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Definition
Tissue equivalent of ALL
Usually seen in children
80% are T-cell in origin
Positive TdT |
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Term
| Peripheral T-/NK-Cell Lymphoma |
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Definition
Can either have a mature T-cell or a mature NK cell
Associated with post-epstein-barr infections
Very aggressive
Treatment is chemotherapy
CD30
Seen in pediatric patients |
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Term
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Definition
2 broad categories (Nodular Lymphomas and Classic Hodgkin's Lymphoma)
Treatment involves chemotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| The B-cells are the neoplastic cells |
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Term
| Classic Hodgkin's Lymphoma |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Rarely involve the lymph nodes
Secrete monoclonal immunoglobulin
3 types |
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Term
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Definition
Multi-focal
Can form multiple tumors and bone lesions throughout the body
Usually found in men about 65 years of age
Plasma cells can be normal to abnormal
-Contain Dutcher Bodies
Bence Jones protein in the urine
M-Spike on the electrophoresis
Patients live 6 months without treatment, 3 years with it, or longer if they get a bone marrow or stem cell transplant |
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Term
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Definition
Localized tumorous collection of monoclonal plasma cells
Develops into MM |
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Term
| Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) |
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Definition
Clonal serum immunoglobulin
Mild mirror of plasmacytosis
Will see a low level of serum monoclonal proteins without neoplasms
Chance of this happening increases with age
25% develop into MM |
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Term
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Definition
| A clot where there should be none |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease in the platelet count
Bleeding problems occur when the platelet count is <50
Can be caused by:
-Increased destruction (Antibodies, ITP, Drugs, Alloimmune Problems)
-Non-immune Problems (DIC, TTP, Hemolytic Uremia, Mechanical Destruction)
-Decreased production (Aplastic Anemia)
-Chemotherapy, Radiation
-Splenic Sequetration (Happens in leukemia, hemolytic anemias, and hepatic cirrhosis)
-Dilutional Problems (Massive hemorrhages)
-Multiple Mechanisms (Alcoholism Lipoproliferative Disease, Cardiopulmonary Bypass) |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in the platelet count
Primary Disorders (ET, PV, CML)
-Cause increased platelet production and maturation
Secondary Disorders (Caused by surgery, hemorrhage, post-splenectomy)
-Caused by reactive causes
Transient Thrombocytosis
-Caused by exercise, child birth, and epinephrine |
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Term
| Disorders of Platelet Adhesion |
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Definition
Bernard-Soulier
Von-Willebrand's Disease |
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Term
| Disorders of Platelet Aggregation |
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Definition
| Blasmin's Thrombocythemia |
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Term
| Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery |
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Definition
| Causes abnormal surfaces that cause platelet dysfunction |
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Term
| Hereditary Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis |
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Definition
Von-Willebrand's Disease
Hemophilia A
Hemophilia B
Fibrinogen Deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
Hereditary Disorder of Secondary Hemostasis
Can be qualitative or quantitative |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency in F8
Common in European Czars |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency in F9
aka Christmas Disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
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Definition
Acquired Disorder of Secondary Hemostasis
Normal hemostsis is altered
-Allows uncontrolled formation and lysis of fibrin
Can be caused by liver disease, primary fibrinogenolysis, or vitamin K deficiency |
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Term
| Have you lost your sanity yet? |
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Definition
| I lost it a long time ago. |
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