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| A way of looking at ideas and behaviors as interrelated elements best understood when seen in a broader context, within the culture and with other cultures in its environment. |
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| Referring to the tools and procedures for producing, distributing, and consuming that which the culture defines as its goods and services |
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| Acquiring goods and services in quantities and at rates that natural resources are depleted and waste disposal becomes difficult. |
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| The process of assigning a market price to an increasing amount of the goods and services that a people once exchanged outside the market by gifts, barter, and ceremonies. |
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| Shifting power from local and regional social groups to centralized bureaucracies. |
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| Reasoning that assumes a simple line of causation, as in “A cases B causes C,” contrasted with systemic thinking. |
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| Cased by more than one factor simultaneously. |
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| An effect for which more factors were involved than were necessary to cause it. |
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Causal • Contextual • Processual • Metaphorical • Collateral • Thematic |
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| Types of holistic connections: |
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| Causal Holistic Connection: |
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| Ex: keeping sled dogs was one reason that people avoided eating flatfish |
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| Contextual Holistic Connections: |
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Related as parts of a larger institution or activity.
Ex: Dowry |
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| Processual Holistic Connections; |
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It links cultural features involved in a culture change process.
Ex: Forming a state level of political organization by combining literacy, armies, irrigation, and long-distance trade in luxuries. These practices influenced each other and together energized the process of state formation. |
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| Metaphorical Holistic Connection: |
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| Transferring the meaning from one symbol to another, as when in astronomy we use the same glyph for the planet Venus (♀), which in other settings we use for “female,” “copper,” or “bronze”. |
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| Collateral Holistic Connection: |
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| The cultural elements are connected because they share a common origin. |
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| Practices or ideas are combined into a theme in content, form or values. |
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| A theory of the formation and structure of the universe. |
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| The degree to which a human activity is simultaneously part of more than one cultural institution, such as kinship, politics, religion, or economics. |
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| The shared ideas and practices involved in the production, distribution, and consumption of needed goods and services in a society. |
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| The degree of specialization among individuals in the performance of economic tasks. |
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| Distributing goods and services as gifts or trade rather than in a market exchange. |
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| The more or less even exchange of goods and services in the nonmarket transaction of reciprocity. |
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| A charitable gift of goods and services or one that does not expect a return directly linked to it. |
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| The cheat or shrewd deal, in which one party to the exchange benefits at the other party’s expense; |
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| The pooling of wealth in a focal figure, such as a chief or tax authority, who then disperses the wealth, usually back to the donors. |
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Comparison of trait inventories among cultures.
Comparing several cultures, two at a time, identifying the traits they have in common.
Find how many traits are shared |
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Which features show up the most often and which features are found together
Comparison of trait distributions among cultures. |
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One husband, multiple wives
75% of preindustrial cultures permit or approve of this practice |
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| A preference for more than one man to marry one woman. |
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| Males control the public sphere of life (politics, economics, religion) and often have legal preference in private spheres (family, Household) as well. |
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| The selective destruction of newborn females. |
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| A group of brothers marry one woman. |
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| In cultural anthropology, this perspective collects and categorizes all the varieties of some cultural idea or practice, then applies that generalized vocabulary to describe specific cases of the idea or practice. |
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| Comparitivist view. Ceremonial inversions of the culturally normal and proper. This seems sacrilegious or disrespectful in some ways, but they may in fact serve to put the culturally proper in perspective and release some tension arising from usually having to tread the “straight and narrow” |
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| The participant's view. The insider's view, not the overview. IN cultural anthropology, this perspective emphasizes what the participants consider meaningful. The comparative perspective that anthropologists bring to the scene are set aside. Attention is paid instead to the way participants define things, make distinctions, and assign importance. Folk classifications and not scientific classifications |
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| simplifying a problem to just a few factors or variables that can be observed or controlled. |
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| One of the things leading scholars to propose that the mayans in Central America and Chinese in E. Asia were interacting befor AD900. |
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