Term
| Five parts of Mineral definition |
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Definition
1.) Naturally occuring
2.) solid
3.) definite chemical composition
4.) Crystalline
5.) Inorganic |
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Term
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Definition
| Solid form with planar exterior growth surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Give the features of the Isometric system |
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Definition
| three axes of equal length, a=b=g=90 degrees |
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Term
| Give the features of the Tetragonal system |
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Definition
| axes are a1, a2 and c, a=b=g=90 |
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Term
| Define an axis of rotary inversion |
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Definition
| When you can rotate a crystal and go through it and hit a similar feature. |
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Term
| What are the Miller Indecies? |
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Definition
| A set of three or four integers that define a face in space and each integer is the reciprocal of that face's intercept with their respective axis |
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Term
| How would you label the faces of an octohedron? |
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Definition
| {111}, on the left, but underneath that would be {11-1} |
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Term
| What are the minerals that make up Shale? |
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Definition
| clay minerals, so lots of Aluminum too, but also fine grained Qtz |
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Term
| What are the minerals in an Arkose? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Weathering Andesite, so it has hornblend and Na-Ca plag |
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Term
| What are the minerals in Gneiss? |
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Definition
| Qtz, feldspars, biotite, hornblende, pyroxene, Garnet, but no muscovite, b/c it's been changed to feldspar. Pyrope, kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite, staurolite, cordierite, sphene, uvaroviteepidote, clinozoicite, piemontite, zoisite |
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Term
| What are the environmental problems potentially in Sulfides, Sulfasalts and Arsenides? |
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Definition
| the biggest issue is that the minerals are going to weather and they'll end up in the water, and could potentially lead to acid mine. |
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Term
| Explain what happens with Chalcopyrited oxidizing and reducing in the water table |
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Definition
| You take Chalcopyrite, explose it to air and water, and exodize the chalcopyrite, generating Cu+2 ions and Fe+3 ions. Then, the water percolates down to the water table, where ti encouters free Hydrogen and precipitates Cu2S or CuO, by reducing the (SO4)-2 to S-2 and reducint the Cu+2 to Cu+1. During the reqction, CO2 can be part of the reaction as well, and that could create Malachite or Azurite too. |
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Term
| What minerals commonly occur as accessory minerals? |
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Definition
| Magnetite, Chromite, Ilmenite, Rutile |
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Term
| What are some evaporites? |
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Definition
| Halliite, Sylvite, Gypsum, Trona, Chrloargyrite, Calcite, Borax, Ulexite |
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Term
| What are some epithermal vein minerals? |
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Definition
| Gold, Orpiment, realgar, cinnabar, pyaragyrite, tetrahedrite, enargite, arsenic, sulfer |
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Term
| What are some medium temperature elements? |
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Definition
| Copper, Lea, Zinc, Moly, Tin, Cobalt, Strotium, Nickel, Iron |
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Term
| What are some medium temperature minerals? |
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Definition
| Galena, sphalerite, Chalcopyrite, covellite, bornite, pyrite, cobaltite, moly, strontianite, cassiterite, niccolite, millerite, arsenopyrite, rhodochrosite. |
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Term
| What are some minerals that occur by reduction at the water table? |
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Definition
| Chalcocite and native Cu. |
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Term
| What are some weathering minerals? |
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Definition
| Cuprite, malachie, azurite, others |
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Term
| What are some MVT deposits? |
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Definition
| Dolomite, fluorite, calcite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite |
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Term
| What is the most common phosphate mineral? Where does it occur? |
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Definition
| Apatite, commonly in sedimentary environments |
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Term
| Where else can you find apatite other than in sedimentary environments? |
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Definition
| As the phosphate mineral in igneous or metamorphic rocks. |
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Term
| What are the two factors that matter in SG? |
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Definition
| elements present and the packing of the ions present |
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Term
| How are colours of minerals determined? |
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Definition
| The structure of the mineral - what provides the structure, and how they are packed. Also holes in the structure, or fluid inclusions. |
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Term
| What is hardness determined by? |
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Definition
| The weakest chemical bonds in the crystal lattice. One of the reasons diamond is as hard as it is because the bonds are all the same and are all fairly short |
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Term
| What are the two determinants of bond strenght? |
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Definition
| Length of bond and type of bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| bonds between H+ and O-2, not in the same ions. It's the bonding in phyllosilicates. |
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Term
| Explain Van der Walls bonds. |
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Definition
| It's the bonding in graphite and talc. These are bonds between atoms that tend to have a side that is slightly more positive and another atom with a side that is slithtly more negative. This isn't a very strong bond. |
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Term
| Ionic bonds, explain them |
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Definition
| These are bonds created by transfering electonrs from one atom to the other. This creates positive ions and negative ions and they are attracted to each other, creating the bond. NaCl |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a bond created by sharing electrons between atoms. It is the strongest bond. |
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Term
| What is Wet Chemical analysis? |
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Definition
| You grind up an unknown mineral in water and compare the sample water to water with a known concentration of the elements in interest - so you can tell what the reactions are of these various elements. |
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Term
| Draw a silica tetrahedron |
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Definition
| Triangle with an oxygen in the middle |
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Term
| How are nesosilitates bonded? |
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Definition
| isolated tetrahedra likned by cations |
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Term
| How are sorosilicates formed? |
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Definition
| Hourglass shape ilnked at the tip |
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Term
| How are cyclosilicates formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are Inosilicates formed? |
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Definition
| chained series of tetrahedra - amphiboles are pyroxenes, double chains are amphiboles. |
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Term
| How are phyllosilicates formed? |
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Definition
| sheets of tetrahedra linked in planar sheets |
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Term
| Draw a copy of the metamorphic facies diagram |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some minerals found in marbles and scarns? |
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Definition
| Epidote, clinozoicite, zoicite, piemontite, vesuvianite, grossularite, andradite, chrondrodite, axinite, diopside |
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Term
| What are some pegmatite minerals? |
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Definition
| Beryl, Allanite, Tourmalines, Topaz, Spessartine |
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Term
| What are the five big differences between amphiboles and pyroxenes? |
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Definition
Cleavages - amphiboles are 120 & 60, pyroxenes @ 90 &180
Hydration - pyroxenes are dry, amphiboles are wet
Temperature - pyroxenes form at higher temperatures than their equivalent amphiboles
Shape - pyroxenes tend to be blocky, while amphiboles tend towards acicularity
Shape - pyroxenes tend towards 4 and 8 sided shapes, while amphiboles are more often six sided. |
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Term
| What is the structure of pyroxenoids? |
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Definition
| a single, warped chain of silica tetrahedra |
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Term
| In dueteric alteration, plag can alter to form what? |
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Definition
| epidote, sericite, calcite or clays |
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Term
| In deuteric alteration, K spar alters to form what? |
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Definition
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Term
| In deuteric alteration, Biotite alters to form what? |
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Definition
| Chlroite, epidote, mangetite, Sphene and Rutile |
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Term
| In deuteric alteration, hornblende alters to form what? |
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Definition
| Chlorite, magnettie, biotite, sphene, rutile or calcite |
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Term
| In deuteric alteration, what does olivine alter to form? |
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Definition
| sepentite, talc or magnetite |
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Term
| How does the whole high quartz, low quartz thing work? |
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Definition
| Well, high quartz is beta quartz, which is hexagonal - and so all the guartz forms as beta quartz, and then as it processes down in temperature and pressure, it turns back into alpha quartz. |
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Term
| What is coesite and stichovite? |
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Definition
| It's like shock quartz, very high pressure - like a meteorite strike. Forms under tremendous pressure, Stishovite more so than coesite |
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Term
| Why don't you see much muscovite and biotite and hornblende in granites? |
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Definition
| Because there isn't usually much water in them and you need water to make them. If there's any water it goes to make a pegmatite, and if there is too much water it will fracture and blow up. |
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Term
| How do exosolution lamellae form? |
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Definition
| So, the microcline starts to grow as a k-spar that has some sodium impurities. In albite, it'll grow with some K, and then as it cools the sodium will kick out the K, and it'll form those layers. |
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Term
| Draw out Bowen's reaction series describing what sort of minerals and rocks form at each layer. |
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Definition
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