Term
|
Definition
ECF: Na, Ca
ICF: K, phosphates, proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell cell attachment
receptor substance
nutrient attachment |
|
|
Term
1. simple diffusion
2. facillitated diffusion
3. active transport |
|
Definition
1. down concentration gradient through cell membrane or down concentration gradient through voltage or chemical gated channel
2. carrier protein binds and changes conformation to let molecule in
3. primary (ATP pump) or secondary (coupled) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calculates potential inside the membrane if an ion were to enter the cell
the larger the potential the greater liklihood the ion will enter the cell and a greater difference in concentration of that ion between the inside and outside of the cell at rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. RMP -70 (-90 neurons) (inside is more negative than outside)
2. stimuli causes Na influx increasing membrane potential (less negative)
3. when it crosses threshold (-70 to -50) it depolarizes (Na channel conformation change causes rapid opening)
4. K channels slowly open, at +65 equlibrium is reached and there is no more potential for Na infux. Na closes inactivation gates
5. K channels rapidly open and bring value closer to negative, past it (hyperpolarization), then to RMP |
|
|
Term
motor neuron size, velocity, example
1. A-a
2. A-B
3. A-d
4. A-y
5. B
6. C |
|
Definition
1. largest, fastest, a-motorneuron
2. medium, medium speed, touch afferent
3. small, medium speed, pain afferents
4. medium, medium speed, y-motorneuron
5. small, medium speed, ANS preganglion
6. smallest, slowest, ANS post ganglion |
|
|
Term
| Na channel configuration and timing |
|
Definition
RMP: closed
depolarization: open
repolarization: inactivated
hyperpolarization: open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absolute: during depolar/repolarization, cannot be stimulated, Na channel is inactivated
relative: hyperpolarization, Na could be activated, Na channel is open but it would take large stimuli to reach threshold |
|
|
Term
MOA of receptor
1. D1
2. D2
3. kainate
4. glycine
5. GABAa
6. GABAb |
|
Definition
1. activate adenylate cyclase
2. inhibit adenylate cyclase
3. glutamate receptor, Na/K ion channel
4. increases Cl conduction
5. increase Cl conduction
6. increase K permeability |
|
|
Term
| origin and ganglia of sympathetics |
|
Definition
T1-12, L1-2
sympathetic chain |
|
|
Term
| orogin of parasympathetics |
|
Definition
| III, VII, IX, X, S2-4/pelvic splanchnic |
|
|
Term
| presynaptic neurons release ____ to a _____ receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS post ganglionic that uses ACh |
|
Definition
sweat glands and piloerector muscles
adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
receptor on skeletal muscle
receptor on all post ganglionic neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
locations of
1. B1
2. B2
3. A2
4. M1
5. M2
6. M3
7. M4
8. M5 |
|
Definition
1. cardiac, JG cells, B islets, adipocytes
2. coronary A, hepatocytes, gallbladder, bile ducts, bronchi, uterus, VESSELS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
3. B islets, platelets, presynaptic neurons
4. gastric parietal, vascular smooth muscle, ANS ganglia, brain
5. heart
6. exocrine glands, smooth muscle except b ronchi and GI, vasculature (NO pathway)
7. CNS
8. CNS |
|
|
Term
type of receptor
1. M1
2. M2
3. M3
4. M4
5. M5 |
|
Definition
1. Gq
2. Gi
3. Gq
4. Gi
5. Gq |
|
|
Term
receptor type
1. a1
2. a2
3. B1
4. B2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what receptor does sympathetic and parasympathetic for...
1. coronary artery
2. apocrine gland
3. lung vessel
4. liver
5. gall bladder |
|
Definition
1. B2, M3
3. a1, none
3. a1, M3
4. B2, m3
5. B2, M3 |
|
|
Term
what receptor does sympathetic and parasympathetic for...
1. bladder
2. erection
3. ejaculation
4. pupils
5. sweat
6. salivary |
|
Definition
1. a1, M3
2. none, M3
3. a1, none
4. a1, M3
5. cholinergic, none
6. a1, M3 |
|
|
Term
what receptor does sympathetic and parasympathetic for...
1. abdominal viscera arterioles
2. muscle arterioles
3. skin arterioles
4. blood coagulation
5. glucose increases |
|
Definition
1. a1, none
2. a1 (B2 dilates), M3
3. a1, none
4. a2, none
5. a2, none |
|
|
Term
sympathetic response of...
1. coronary arteries
2. apocrine glands
3. liver
4. GI sphinctors
5. rectum |
|
Definition
1. B2 constricts
2. a1 thick secretions
3. B2 glucose release
4. a1 constrict
5. a1 allow filling |
|
|
Term
parasympathetic action on
1. bladder
2. pupils
3. salivary glands |
|
Definition
1. M3 detrusor contracts, trigone relaxes
2. M3 miosis contraction of ciruclar muscle
3. M3, vasodilation, copious secetion |
|
|
Term
sympathetic action of
1. blood
2. abdominal viscera
3. mental activity
4. piloerectors
5. fat cells
6. uterus |
|
Definition
1. a2 coagulation
2. a1 constriction
3. a2 increased
4. cholinergic contraction
5. B1 lipolysis
6. B2 relaxes |
|
|
Term
receptor type
1. H2
2. H1
3. TRH
4. ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH. ADH
5. glucagona
6. GnRH
7. GHRN
8. oxytocin |
|
Definition
1. Gs
2. Gq
3. Gq
4. Gs
5. Gs
6. Gq
7. Gq
8. Gq |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
active component NO
released by stressed endothelial cells
stimulates guanylate cyclase to make cGMP which lowers Ca an smooth muscle causing vasodilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atria over stretched > increases GFR and Na secretion, decreases blood volume, inhibits renin
stimulates gyanulate cyclase increasing cGMP |
|
|
Term
| MOA phosphodiesterase inhibitors |
|
Definition
inhibits cGMP degradation
increased cGMP causes vasodilation of penile artery |
|
|
Term
| MOA smooth muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| endothelial or ACh > M1 > Ca mobilized > binds calmodulin > conformational change > activates Ca/calmodulin dependent kinases > activate myosin light chain kinase > acts on smooth muscle myosin to cause contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diffuse through membrane
bind NR1 (cytoplasm, enter nuclei as dimer, binds to SRE, acts as TF)
or
NR2 (in nuclei, heterodimerized to RXR, binds to HRE, acts as TF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insulin binds a subunits
B subunits autophosphorlyated by TK
phosphorlyated receptor enters cell and phosphorlyates enzymes |
|
|
Term
| hall pike bithermal caloric test |
|
Definition
test labrynth
30deg (horizontal semicircular canals are vertical)
irrigate ear with cold water (nystagmus should be opposite to water)
irrigate ear with warm water (should be same to ear)
named for side it moves fast to |
|
|
Term
cause of each type of nystagmus
1. pendular
2. jerk, vertical, downbeat
3. jerk, vertical, upbeat
4. horizontal, peridoic alternating
5. horizontal, gaze evoked
6. horizontal, vestibular |
|
Definition
1. cervicomedullary lesion, ocular disorder (blindness), problem with optic chiasm
2. arnold chiari, CVA, MS of medulla
3. vermis lesion, CVA, ms, tumor
4. vestivulocerebellar disease, CVA, MS, tumor
5. alcohol, depressant, cerebellar disease, brainstem lesion
6. central nuclear pathology, meineres disease, vesibular trauma |
|
|
Term
| parts and function of cochlea |
|
Definition
base: narrow stiff hairs, high frequency
helicoterma: wide hairs, low frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ovarl window > moves basilar membrane > moves hairs on top > hairs bend cillia on them > cillia beinding one way increases K and the other decreases K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lateralization
conductive lateralizes to bad ear
sensineuronal lateralizes to good ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bone vs air conduction
conductive BC>AC
sensineuronal AC>BC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. measures muscle tension prevention tendon overstretch, inhibit A-a motorneurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
meausres muscle length, protects from overstretching
1A - primary afferent
2A - secondary afferent
static gamma: efferent
dynamic gamma: efferent
nuclear bag intrafusal fiber: rapid fire
nuclear chain intrafusal fiber: static response |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle contraction |
|
Definition
large myelinated monot neurons
AP > opens Ca channels > ACh released in vesicles > N2 receptor > Na channels open > action potential > Ca released from SER > Ca binds troponin C > troponin C moves tropomycin > actin binds myosin > myosin tilts crossbridge > ATP is used to release cross bridge |
|
|
Term
| red vs white skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
red: slow, marathon, posture, small muscle, low strength, low glycolytic ability, high oxidative ability, high blood supply, high mitochondria, low SER, myoglobin
white: fast fibers, rapid, powerful, large muscles, high strength, high glycolytic, low oxidative, low blood supply, low mitochondria, high SER, no myoglobin |
|
|
Term
define
1. alveolar ventilation
2. dead space
3. lecithin
4. airflow |
|
Definition
1. rate at which new air reaches alveoli
2. space with air that never reaches gas exchange
3. dipalmotoulphosphatidylcholine, surfactant
4. inverse of airway resistance |
|
|
Term
| calculate pressure in alveoli |
|
Definition
P=2t/r
smaller alveoli have risk of collapse (atelectasis) |
|
|
Term
| calculate airway resistance |
|
Definition
R= nL8 / pi r^4
inceases with lenfth
increased radius reduces resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Q=P/R
airflow = difference in pressure between mouth and alveoli / airway resistance |
|
|
Term
| movement of diaphragm in expiration |
|
Definition
| expiration: relaxes and abdominal contents rise and ribs lower and move in, air is driven out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inversley proportional to elastance (recoil)
inversley porportional to chest wall stiffness
C: change in lung volume / change in transmural pressure
inspiration: decreases compliance
expiration: increases compliance
expandability of lung or chest wall |
|
|
Term
| calculate transmural pressure |
|
Definition
transmural = alveolar (in alveoli) - intrapleural (pressure around lung)
intrapleural drops to negative when diaphagm contracts in inspiration, increasing transmural pressure
largest at the end of inspiration and smallest at the end of expiration
large with large lung volume, small with small lung volume |
|
|
Term
| MOA peripherial chrmoreceptors |
|
Definition
carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to CO2 but have a faster response to O2 which makes it the primary tole
carotid bodies send info through herngs nerves to glossopharyngeal then dorsal respiratory center in medullla in nucleus of tractus solitarus
aortic bodies send info via the vagus to dorsal respiratory center of medulla in nucleus of tractus solitarus
response is sent out via phrenic nerve to diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower pons, stimulates dorsal respiratory center to cause large sustained inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper pons, limits inspiration, inhibitory signals sent to respiratory area of medulla |
|
|
Term
| ventral respiratory group |
|
Definition
anterolateral to dorsal respiratory area in nucleus ambiguus and nucleus retroambiguus
inactive in normal breathing, afferent signals from dorsal respiratory area spill over into this area they contribute to inspiration and expiration during stress or exercise |
|
|
Term
| lung receptors that control breathing |
|
Definition
streth: on smooth muscle of airway, decrease respiratory rate when stretched via hering-breuer reflex
joint and muscle receptors; increase respiration in exercise
irritant receptors: between epithelial cells in airways, detect irritation, vagus nerve to medulla
J receptors next to capillaries, engorgement causes shallow fast breathing |
|
|
Term
| cynenne stokes respiratorion |
|
Definition
waxing and waining amplitude
causes hypercapnea causes deep breathing then apena and repeat
cause; CHF, arrhythmia, central sleep apnea, stroke, head injury, brain tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deep, rapid
compensate for metabolic acidosis (DKA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
taxia respiration: quick shallow then apnea
damage to medulla |
|
|
Term
| ventilation vs perfusion, where is best |
|
Definition
blood pressure and resistance are much lower than pulmonary
zone 1: V>P, highest VQ
zone 2: P>V
zone 3: P>>V, lowest VQ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. inspiratory reserve
2. tidal volume
3. expiratory reserve
4. residual volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TLC: IRV, TV, ERV, RV
inspirational C: IRV, EV
functional residual C: ERV, RV
viral C: RIV, TV, ERV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4. upstroke: Ca enters
0. repolarization: K leaves
3. slow depolarization: slow Na entry, allows automaticity |
|
|
Term
| what do the waves of EKG mean |
|
Definition
P depolarization of atria
Q depolarization of ventricles
QRS depolarization of ventricles right before contraction, repolarization of atria hidden
T: ventricle repolarization
PR interval: time of impulse in AV node
ST segment: ventricle depolarization and contraction
QT interval: entire time of ventrical depolarization and repolarization |
|
|
Term
causes of
1. abnormal sinus rhythm
2. tachycardia
3. bradycardia
4. AV block
5. premature contraction
6. paroxysmal tachycardia |
|
Definition
1. SA node generated
2. increased temp, SNS, toxicity
3. PNS
4. ischemia, compression, sacar, calcification, inflammation (myocarditis, diptheria, rheumatic), hyperPNS
5. ischemia, compression, toxicity (nicotine, drugs, caffiene)
6. ischemia to ventricle |
|
|
Term
how to identify
1. 1st deg block
2. stoke adams
3. 2nd deg block |
|
Definition
1. PR >o.2s 5 small squares
2. atria and ventricles independent (3rd)
3. going going going gone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| premature contractions coming from the AV junction |
|
|
Term
| TX reentry / paroxysmal tachycardia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multiple areas of ventricle contracting, circus impulses
shortened refractory: epinepherine
increased distance between impulses: dilated or enlarged hearts
decreased speed of impulse conduction: ischemia, hyperkalemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enlarged atria
valve disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single large impulse travels around atria, one atria contracts other relaxes |
|
|
Term
| mean pulmonary wedge pressure |
|
Definition
pressure at the pulmonary capillaries
normal 8mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
systolic - diastolic
mostly affected by SV and HR |
|
|
Term
| estimating speed and resistance of blood flow |
|
Definition
speed is inversely proportional to cross sectional area and is slowest in the capillaries because they have most area and fastest in aorta
resistance is porportional to viscosity and length and inversley porportional to radius to the 4th power |
|
|
Term
| cardiac conductance vs compliance vs capatance |
|
Definition
conductance: ease of flow through vessel, 1/resistance
compliance = capacitance: increase in volume/increase in pressure = distensibility x volume
more compliant more it can extend at a given pressure. veins are more compliant than arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
= 2/3 diastole + 1/3 systole
= CO x TPR
normal 70-110 |
|
|
Term
| ejection fraction calculation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
= SV x HR
= (EDV-ESV) x HR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cause sof high cardiac output |
|
Definition
generally increased TPR
beriberi: thiamine deficiency
anemia: decreases blood viscosity
hyperthyroid: increases metabolic O2 demand, reflex vasodilation
AV shunt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vasodilates skeletal muscle vessels |
|
Definition
B2 receptors
K
H
lactic acid
CO2
adenosine |
|
|
Term
| what vasodilates cardiac muscle vessels |
|
Definition
K
H
CO2
bradykinin
prostaglandin
adenosine
B2 |
|
|
Term
| what causes right shift of Hb curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cl into urine, Na out
Ca into blood, Na out |
|
|
Term
| channels in the principal cells |
|
Definition
K into urine, Na out (ALD regulated)
Na into blood, K out
H2O into body (ADH regulated) |
|
|
Term
| channels in intercalated cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| renal A > afferent arterioles > glomerular capillaries > efferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries (and vasa recta that dip into loop) > renal vein |
|
|
Term
| calculating renal clearance |
|
Definition
filration + secretion - reabsorption
C = (UxP)/Pa |
|
|
Term
| calculating renal plasma flow |
|
Definition
| clearance / extraction ratio |
|
|
Term
| calculating extraction ratio |
|
Definition
| ratio of solute that entered the kidney that has been excreted in the urine (PAH is nearly 1 |
|
|
Term
| calculating renal blood flow |
|
Definition
volume of whole blood delivered to the kidney per time
RPF x (1/1-HCT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thickening of bomans (HTN, DM), increased bomans pressure (renal obstruction), decreased oncotic pressure in bomans or increased in capillary, decreased capillary hydrostatic (ACEI), SNS stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ANG II (constricts efferents more than afferents)
increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (HTN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kf ( capillary hydrostatic - bomans hydrostatic ) - (capillary oncotic - bomans oncotic ) |
|
|
Term
ion exchange in
1. PCT
2. loop
3. DCT
4. CD |
|
Definition
1. reabsorbed 65% of the water, Na, Cl, K
2. resorbed water, Na, Cl, K
3. impermeable to water and urea, Na and Cl reabsorbed
4. reasorb Na, K, secrete K, H, impermable to urea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TBD 60% weight in kg
TBD = 2/3 ICF + 1/3 ECF
ECF = 3/4 IF + 1/4 plasma
pH 7.35-7.45 |
|
|
Term
causes of
1. metabolic acidosis
2. metabolic alkalosis
3. respiratory acidosis
4. respiratory alkalosis |
|
Definition
1. aspirin, lactic acid, DKA, diarrhea
2. loops, thiazides, vomiting
3. sedation, COPD, sleep apnea
4. panic, pain causing hyperventilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bicarbonate - most important
proteins - within cells
Hb - binds CO2 and H in exchange for Cl
-metabolic acidosis leads to hyperkalemia
-metabolic alkalosis leads to hypokalemia
kidney - eliminates H, generates bicarb |
|
|
Term
1. hypotone dehydration
2. isometric dehydration
3. hypertone dehydration |
|
Definition
1. increased ICV, HCT, decreased ECF
2. decreased ECV, increased HCT
3. decreased ICV, ECV |
|
|
Term
1. hypotonic hydration
2. isotonic hydration
3. hypertonic hydration |
|
Definition
1. increased ICV, ECV
2. increased ECV, decreased HCT
3. increased EVC, decreased ECV, Hct |
|
|
Term
| stimulants of gastrin release |
|
Definition
PNS/ACh
peptides
EtOH
caffiene
Ca
stomach distension |
|
|
Term
| secretin: cell, stimulation, effect |
|
Definition
S cell of duodenum
H ions in duodenum
pancreas bicarb release
stomach motility |
|
|
Term
| CCK: cell, stimulation, effect |
|
Definition
I cell duodenum/jejunum
Fat, peptides, PNS
pancreatic EXOcrine secretion
gallbladder contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucose, fat, AA in duodenum and jejunum
stimulates insulin secretion
inhibits parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| somatostatin: cell, stimulation, effect |
|
Definition
delta cells pancrease
H in duodenum
inhibits parietal cells
inhibits exocrine pancreas
inhibits insulin and glucagon release
inhibits GH
inhibits T3/4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smooth muscle and nervous tissue of intestine
relaxes smooth muscle
inhibits gastric acid
stimulates pancreas bicarb |
|
|
Term
where are these absorbed
1. alcohol
2. carbs
3. AA
4. bile salts
5. B12 |
|
Definition
1. stomach, duodenum
2. duodenum, jejunum
3. duodenum, jejunim
4. terminal ileum
5. terminal ileum |
|
|
Term
where are these absorbed
1. water
2. Na
3. bicarb
4. K
5. Fe
6. Ca |
|
Definition
1. duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
2. jejunum, ileum, colon
3. jejunum, ileum
4. jejunum, ileum
5. duodenum
6. duodenum, ileum |
|
|
Term
| how is Na absorbed in intestines |
|
Definition
jejunum by co-transport as a result of active uptake of sugars and AA
ileum and colon actively |
|
|
Term
| how is bicarb absorbed in intestines |
|
Definition
in exchange for H ions like in the PCT but in the jejunum
ileal absorption occurs only if it is in excess
if bicarb and luminal concentrations are low ileum and colon will secrete bicarb into intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-heme (non-meat): bind to bursh border, bind ferritin in cell, bind transferrin in blood or stay in cell and slough off
heme iron: absorbed directly into blood
increased in presence of vitamin C, alcohol, fructose
decreased with fiber, Ca, tea, coffee |
|
|
Term
| stimulators of conversion of cortosterone to ALD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulator of CRH release from hypothalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
enzymes needed to make
1. ALD
2. cortisol
3. Sex steroids |
|
Definition
1. 21, 11
2. 17, 21, 11
3. 17 |
|
|
Term
| explain the linear pathway to ALD |
|
Definition
| cholesterol > pregnelone > progesterone + 21 > 11-deoxycortisone + 11 > cortezole > (ANG II, K) > ALD |
|
|
Term
| explain the pathway to cortisol |
|
Definition
pregnelone, progesterone, or cortosterone uses 17 to turn to 17-OH pregnolone, 17-OH progesterone, or cortisol respectivly
17-OH pregnolone > 17-OH progesterone + 21 > 11-deoxycortisol + 11 > cortisol |
|
|
Term
| explain how to make DHT and estradiol |
|
Definition
go through pregnelone or progesterone pathway to DHEA or andeostendione respectivly using 17
DHEA > andeosteindione + 17 > testosterone + 5a-reductase > DHT
andeosteindione and testosterone can be turned into esterone and estradiol respectivly
esterone + 17 > estradiol |
|
|
Term
| functions of cortisol on metabolism |
|
Definition
gluconeogenesis
insulin resistance
glycogenesis
hyperglycemia
AA mobilization from skeletal muscle
decreased protein synthesis
mobilization of fats from adipose
hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Term
| functions of cortisol on immune/vascular |
|
Definition
stabilizes lysosomes (decrease activity)
prostaglandin production
decrease permeability
decrease chemotaxis
decrease T cells
decrease antibodies
increase neutrophils
decrease IL1
increase a1 vasoconstriction
decrease osteoblast
increase RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyponatremia
hypotension
hyperkalemia
metabolic acidosis (no K/H exchange)
hypoglycemia (low cortisol)
pigmentation |
|
|
Term
define
1. tumescence
2. determinate of how hard a penis is
3. factors that promote flaccidity
4. factors that promote erection
5. bulbocavernosus reflex
6. detumescence |
|
Definition
1. vascular filling of penile corpus cavernous bodies causing erection
2. corpus cavernosal smooth muscle needs to be relaxed to fill with blood
3. NE, endothelial1, ANGII
4. ACh, NO, ATP
5. sexual stimulation forces ischiocavernous muscles to compress base of corpa cavernosa (full erection)
6. cGMP meatbolization decreases effect of NO allowing ejaculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PROLIFERATIVE/FOLLICULAR
day 1 mensturation, rising FSH/LH
day 7 entire surface replaced to 4mm
day 14 ovulation, peak FSH/LG, estrogen and progesterone begin to rise
LUTEAL
increased estrogen and progesterone increase lipids, glycogen, vessels, glands
day 21 6mm
day 26 corups luteum degenerates
day 27 endometrium involutes, vasospasm, necrosis, decreased progesterone (causes cramps)
day 28 mensturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PROLIFERATIVE/FOLLICULAR
after day 1 (mensturation) FSH stimulates 12-14 follicles and granulosa secretes estrogen and fluids (antral follicle)
day 7: vesicular follicle: LH stimulates theca, one follicle predominates others atresia, estrogen increases FSH/LH receptors
day 12 FSH and LH surge
day 14: progesterone proteolysis theca (ovulation)
LUTEAL
LH turns remaining cells into lutein cells (granulosa makes estrogen and progesterone, theca makes testosterone and androstdione which can be turned into estrogen)
day 26: corpus luteum degenerates due to inadequate LH
day 27: endometrium involutes, vasospasm, necrosis, decreased progesterone causes cramps
day 28: mensturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sperm penetrates corona radiata and zona pellucida with acrosome
fusion of genetics forms zygote
mitosis forms blastomeres (blastula)
more mitossis forms morula (tight junctions)
divides into outer trophoblast and inner blastocyst cavity and embryoblast (blastocyst0
-trophoblast divides into synctotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
-blastocyst cavity remains ans yolk sac
-embryoblast turns into epiblast and hypoblast and makes a hole in middle for amniotic cavity
synctotrophoblast gets lacunar filled with maternal blood which mature into lacunar network (uroplacenta circulation
cytotrophoblast develops chorionic villi that protrude into synctotrophoblast
part of the epiblast forms the extrachlonic membrane between hypoblast and cytotrophoblast
extracholionic membrane divides into etraembryonic somatic mesoderm, extraembryonic coelom (aka chorionic cavity), and extraembryonic visceral mesoderm
gasturlation occurs at 3-8wks |
|
|
Term
define
1. prochordial plate
2. bilaminar embryonic disc
3. where is the baby before gasturlation |
|
Definition
1. part of hypoblast that is between yolk sac and epiblast that is columnar
2. yolk sac, amniotic cavity, epiblast, hypoblast
3. in chorionic cavity / extraembryonic coelom on mesoderm stalk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epiblast proliferates down midline (primitive streak = groove + node + pit)
caudal some epiblast and trophoblast fuse making cloacal membrane which turns into anus
epiblast divides into ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
|
|
Term
| what does the ectoderm divide into |
|
Definition
placode: sensory organs
neural tube: CNS
neural crest: smooth muscle, melanocytes, PNS, adrenal medulla
epidermis, retina, optic nerve, iris |
|
|
Term
| what does the mseoderm divide into |
|
Definition
somites: dermis, muscle spine
CT, bone, cartilage, endothelium, viscera |
|
|
Term
| what does the endoderm divide into |
|
Definition
| hepatocytes, epithelial lining (GI, GU, middle ear, respiratory) |
|
|
Term
| hormone levels in puberty, menopause, PCOS |
|
Definition
puberty: high FSH and LH
menopause: high FSH and LH, FSH>LH
PCOS low FSH, high LH |
|
|
Term
| in pregnancy what effects do estrogen and progesterone have on mom |
|
Definition
estrogen: enlarge uterus, breast ducts, genitalia
progesterone: enlarge breast alveoli, uterine contraction reduction, nutrients in endometrium |
|
|
Term
| what is needed for make differentation |
|
Definition
| hCG binds to LH receptors on leydig cells of testes in male fetus to make testosterone |
|
|
Term
define
1. spontaneous abortion
2. preterm delivery
3. term delivery
4. post term delivery
5. parturition |
|
Definition
1. <20wks
2. 20-36wks
3. 37-41wks
4. 42wks
5. delivery of baby (estrogen high) |
|
|
Term
define
1. complex seizure
2. simple seizure
3. partial seizure
4. general seizure
5. seizure
6. convulsion |
|
Definition
1. causes LOC
2. no LOC
3. only one part of brain
4. all of brain
5. electrical overactivity
6. effect of seizure on body |
|
|
Term
define
1. grand mal
2. petite mal
3. febrile seizure
4. psychomotor seizure
5. myoclonic seizure
6. jacksonian seizure |
|
Definition
1. tonic clonic, LOC, aura, post ictal, high voltage spikes
2. generalized complex, LOC, immobile, eye fluter, 3sec spike and dome
3. secondary to fever
4. temporal lobe seizure, change in behavior, hallucination, taste, religious experience, could LOC, wallking aimlessly, lip smacking, sweating, borborygmi, spikes on temporal lobe
5. jerks, head nod, no LOC
6. moves start in one area and move to others, antral sulcus spikes |
|
|
Term
| pavlovian/classical conditioning vs operant/cognitive conditioning |
|
Definition
pavlov: involuntary, lost if not conditioned
operant: voluntary, resistant to extinction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6wk: raises chin
2mo holds head
4mo rolls over
6mo unlar grasp
7mo sits alone, stands with help
8mo pull to stand
10mo stand alone with furinature
11mo stand alone
1y walks with help, pincer grasp, sippy cup
14mo stands alone
15mo walks alone
18mo climbs stairs
2y run, kick
3y bike
4y hops
5y skips, catch ball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6wk smiles
6mo stranger anxkety
6mo separation anxkety
2y parallel play
4y cooperative play |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2mo cooing
4mo laughing
6mo babbling
8mo mama, dada indescriminate
11mo mama, dada descrmininate
1y one word clearly
15mo tandem like sentences
18mo says oen name
2y 2 word sentences
4y can tell a story
5y fluent with mispronunciation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2y may start training
3y potty chair with help wiping
4y can button clothes when done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
15mo lines
18mo scribbles
3y circle
4y cross
5y square, prints name
6y triangle |
|
|
Term
| when is moro and babinski gone, when can a child use a knife, tie shoes, dress and undress, throw things |
|
Definition
moro 5mo
babinsky 2y
knife 6y
shoes 5y
dress 3y
throw 1y |
|
|
Term
define
1. abuse
2. dependence
3. tolerance
4. addiction |
|
Definition
1. use that results in problems at work or home, legal, danger
2. recurrent use due to need for normal function without withdrawal
3. need to increase dose to get affect
4. psychological attachent, compulsive seeking |
|
|
Term
signs of intoxication
1. cocaine
2. alcohol
3. MDMA
4. GHB
5. rohypnol
6. saliva |
|
Definition
1. confidence, energy, dilated, seizure, MI, euphoria
2. euphoria, relax, drowsi, slurring, sex dysfunction, LOC
3. energy, euphoria, distortion in time, tactile experience, empathy, hyperthermia
4. sedation, memory loss, loss of coodrination, coma
5. anterograde amnesia, sedation, muscle relaxation, confusion
6. hallucinations, dissociation, laughter, afterglow |
|
|
Term
signs of intoxication
1. ketamine
2. steroids
3. LSD
4. inhalants
5. spice
6. marijuana |
|
Definition
1. dissoication, impaired memory and attention, hallucination, dreams, delirium
2. anger, violence, mood swings, paranoia, healousy, blood clots, acne, baldness, testicle atrophy, gynecomastia, infertility, prostate CA
3. visual hallucinations, cross over delusions, paranoid delusions, dilated pupils
4. loss of inhibition, headache, slurring, loss of motor coordination
5. elevated mood, altered perception, relaxation
6. distorted perception, impaired coordination, cognitive dysfunction, increased appetite, panic, psychosis |
|
|
Term
signs of intoxication
1. nicotine
2. amphetaines
3. cathinones (mepherdone)
4. phencyclidine
5. khat
6. opioids
7. benzos |
|
Definition
1. relaxation, increased BP/HR
2. appetite supression, insmnia, attention, focus
3. hallucinations, paranoia, agitation, violence, palpitations, dilation
4 euphoria, loss of inhibition, anxiey, vuiolence, paranoia, auditory hallucination, kidney failure, arrhythmia, seizure
5. euphoria, elation, alert, manic, dilated, loss of appetite
6. euphoria, apathy, respiratory depression, pinpint pupils
7. sedation |
|
|
Term
signs of withdrawal
1. cocaine
2. alcohol
3. MDMA
4. GHB
5. rohypnol
6. ketamine |
|
Definition
1. apathy, depression, fatigue
2. tremor, hallucination, increased BP/HR
3. loss of appetite, depression, attention deficits
4. insomnia, anxiety, sweating
5. arrhythmia, anxiety
6. irritability, insomnia, depression |
|
|
Term
signs of withdrawal
1. steroids
2. inhanants
3. marijuana
4. nicotine
5. amphetamines
6. mepherdone |
|
Definition
1. mood swings, loss of lobido and appetite, insomnia
2. sweating, insomnia, hallucinatins, agressive psychosis
3. irritability, insomnia, decreased appetite, anxiety
4. irritability, increased appetite, attention deficits, sleep disturbance
5. fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance
6. fatigue, depression, decreased appetite, sleep disturbance |
|
|
Term
signs of withdrawal
1. phencyclidine
2. khat
3. opioids
4. benzos |
|
Definition
1. diarrhea, chills, tremor, seizure, hallucinations, depression, cognitive impairment, memory loss
2. nightmares, tremor
3. nausea, vomiting, sweating, fever, muscle aches
4. anxiety, insomnia, irritability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fearful behavior
nightmares
depression
shyness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genital pain or bleeding
STD
noctural enuresis or encopresis
extreme sexual beavior |
|
|
Term
| EEG signs of sleep stages |
|
Definition
awake: B >14, a 8-13
1: a 8-13, theta 4-7
2: theta 4-7, spindles, K complexes
3: theta 4-7, delta .5-4
4: theta 4-7, delta .5-4
REM: B >14 cycles |
|
|
Term
| occurances in sleep stages |
|
Definition
2: longest
3: night terrors, sleep talking/walking, enuresis, shorten with repeat cycles, replenish immune system
4: most restful and deepest
REM: REM, dreams, nightmares (remembered), paralysis of skeletal muscles except eyes, fingers, toes, increased RR, erections, consolidate memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
autoimmune
anti-K channel
no sleep for months
physical and psych issues |
|
|
Term
define
1. regression
2. repression
3. denial
4. rationalization
5. splitting
6. projection |
|
Definition
1. childish response to stress
2. supression of emotion from awareness
3. ignoring but knowing your doing it
4. giving acceptible motive for behavior that is unacceptable
5. seeing as all good or bad
6. attributing to others unwanted ideas or feelings of oneself |
|
|
Term
define these personality (Axis II) disorders
1. schizotypical
2. schizoid
3. avoidant
4. borderline
5. paranoid
6. antixoxcial
7. histrionic
8. narcissistic
9. dependent
10. obsessive compulsive |
|
Definition
1. bizare clothes, behavior, perceptions, MAY BECOME SCHIZOPHRENIC
2. does not want relationships
3. wants relationships is afraid
4. intense unstable relationships, suicidial, paranoid, splitting often
5. distrust, suspicion of motives
6. .violates rights of others, no empathy, harm to animals and people
7. emotional, attention seeking, sexual
8. grandiosity, need for admiration, no empathy
9. need for care, submissive, clingy
10. perfectionism, order, control over self and others, no flexability, efficiency, and open mindedness |
|
|
Term
define these somatoform disorders
1. somatization
2. conversion
3. hypochondriasis
4. body dysmorphic |
|
Definition
1. pain, GI, and sexual complaints, pseudoneuologic complaint
2. not faking, no pain, pseudoneurologic complaints
3. fear over having disease, exaggerated symptoms
4. peroccupied with body image, hours in front of mirrior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
symotoms >2y
depressed mood with appetite change, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy, low self esteen, poor concentration
does not meet criteria for MDD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: mania and depression
2: hypomania and depression |
|
|
Term
| signs of bipolar mania and hypomania |
|
Definition
grandiosity
hedonistic, promiscous
hyposonnia
psychomotor agitation
pressured speech
racing thoughts
decreased focus
hypomania: lesser mania, not socially impairing, not dangerous to self or others, productive, efficient, goal oriented |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
risk of psychosis increases with use
COCAINE |
|
|
Term
define
1. brief psychotic disorder
2. folie a deux
3. delusional disorder
4. schizoaffective disorder
5. mood disorder with psychotic features
6. schizophreniform disorder
7. schizophrenia |
|
Definition
1. >1d <1mo, follows trauma event
2. shared psychotic disorder
3. non bizare delusions >1mo
4. schizophrenia + mood disorder (psychosis without mood symptoms for min 2wks)
5. mood disorder with psychosis and contiued mood problems (psychosis <2wks)
6. schizophrenia <6mo
7. delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, hallusinzations, negative symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nephritis
hearing loss
vision changes
cataracts
hereditory defect in collagen IV synthesis |
|
|
Term
| location of types i-5 collagen |
|
Definition
1: bone, tendon, skin
2: hayline and cartilage
3: formed fast by young fibroblasts, artery walls and intestine
4: basement membranes, lacking in alports
5: with type 1, placenta, lacking in ehlers danlos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
child homovanilic acid, VMA, dopamine
hypertension
painful abdominal mass
propoptosis
racoon eyes
horner syndrome
paraspinal mass
back pain
scoliosis
bladder dysfunction
diarrhea
urine catecholemines |
|
|
Term
| hormone responsible for BPH |
|
Definition
| dihydrotestosterone: increases prostate and stromal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hermaphodites, nematode/roundworm
obligate human parasite
eggs hatch in duodenum, mature in colon,
perianal itching
eggs under fingernails |
|
|
Term
| factor V liden deficiency |
|
Definition
inactivated protein C
V is a procoagulant that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
causes hypercoaguability
more common in caucasians |
|
|
Term
| why does folate cause nutritional deficiency |
|
Definition
| inhibits intestinal conjugase causing folate deficiency (monoglutamates cannot be reasorbed in jejunum) |
|
|
Term
| elevations in folate and B12 deficiencies and complications |
|
Definition
folate: homocysteine
B12: bomocysteine, methylmalonic acid
homocysteine causes destruction of arteries and hypercoaguability
B12 deficiency causes subacute combined degeneration of posterior columns of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HCl absences in stomach
parietal destruction in pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fetal hydantion syndrome: cleft lip/palate
nail hypoplasia
growth retardation
mental deficiency
cardiac defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large RA and small RV
due to lithium use in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| mayer rokitansky kruster hauser syndrome |
|
Definition
| vaginal or uterine agenesis or dysgenesis due to mullerian agenesis or dysgenesis |
|
|
Term
| testicular feminization syndrome |
|
Definition
46 XY but non functional testosterne receptors
bagning of vagine with indescended testes
phenotypic female |
|
|
Term
| hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism |
|
Definition
no hypothalamus or pituitary function
pituitary pathology, kallmans syndrome, tumor, TB, sarcoid of hypothalamus or pituitary, anorexia nervosa, stress, weight loss |
|
|
Term
| hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism |
|
Definition
| no gonad response to gonadotropins causing overactivity of pituitary and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intrauterine synechiae and adhesions often results in amenorrhea
caused by uterine surgery, infection, D an C, medial abortion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
growth of endometrial glands into stroma into uterine muscles
dysmenorrhea
menorrhagia
large soft uterus |
|
|
Term
ovarian cysts
1. corpus luteal cyst
2. follicular cyst
3. theca lutein cyst |
|
Definition
1. formed avter ovulation from corpus luteum, delays mensturation
2. most common, failure of follicle to rupture
3. filled with serous fluid,, high bHCG stimulation from pregnancy, choriocarcinoma, etc stimulates, BL cysts, hirsturism |
|
|
Term
disorder resulting from
1. failure of mullerian paramesonephric ducts to fuse
2. defective ovary receptors
3. turner syndrome |
|
Definition
2. bicornate uterus, double cervix, septate vagine
2. savage syndrome, primary amenorrhea
3. turner syndrome, amenorrhea |
|
|
Term
word association
1. saddle injury
2. blue dot sign
4. tender swollen epididymis
5. clear fluid in tunical vaginalis
3. elephantitis of balls |
|
Definition
1. fall onto junk, hematuria, swelling, urine in scrotum
2. appendix testes torsion
3. lymph in tunical vaginalis (wicheria banchrofti)
4. spermatocele
5. hydrocele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
boys: congenital GI abnormality
men <35y: neisseria/chalmydia
>35y: acquired anatomic abnormality
any age trauma or chemical |
|
|
Term
| causes of bl micro, ul micro, and bl macroorchidism |
|
Definition
bl micro: kleinfelter, myotonic dystrophy, secondary hypogonadism
ul micro: atrophy due to mumps, syphilis, trauma
bl macro: fragile X |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accountability for a crime
felonies include failure to report child or elder abuse, euthanasia, distribution of controlled substances, gross misconduct
punishment is fine or imprisonment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breech of contract
medical malpractice
invasion of privary
invastion of person
defamation
persued by vitcim and result in monitary reward to victim |
|
|
Term
1. breech of contract
2. abandonment
2. breech of confidentaility |
|
Definition
1. failure to comply with terms in doctor patient relation, tuo types are abandoment and breech of confidentaility
2. failure to continue care or notify paient well in advance of cessation of service
3. oral, writtnd, visusal communication |
|
|
Term
| terms for medical malpradtice |
|
Definition
Duty: must have dr-patient relationship
dereliction: physician did not follow standard of care
damages; there was injury or measurable damages
4. direct cause: the damages were direct result of doctors actions or intentions |
|
|
Term
1. res ispa lowuitor
2. respondeat superior
3. primum non nocer
4. capacity |
|
Definition
1. medical malpractice where duty and dereliction are unquestionable
2. physician is legially responsible for acts or inactions of employees that result in patient harm
3. above all do no harm, benifits of care must outweight risks
4. medical competence, ability to make medical decision for oneself |
|
|
Term
| invasion of person or privacy |
|
Definition
bettery: examining, touching, treating without concent
informed concent: voluntairly gives permission for medical professional to do something after being informed of risks, benifits, and alternates
assault: intentional physically harming another person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
libel written or slander spoken
dissemination of damaging false information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability to make medical decisions for themselves for that specific period of time for a specific medical action or inaction
only determined by a doctor, best determined by a psychitraist |
|
|
Term
| when is involuntary treatment ok |
|
Definition
| patient is mentally ill AND danger to self or others |
|
|
Term
| when is it ok to treat kid withoout parents concent |
|
Definition
emergency
pregnancy/abortion
STDS
emancipated, married, hand child, or military |
|
|
Term
1. living will
2. power of attorney
3. DNR
4. medicare
5. medicaid |
|
Definition
1. written instruction to be followed if pt is incapacitated
2. person designated by pt during incapacitation do be surrogate for health decisions
3. no CPR, life saving tx is ok
4. >65yo
5. poor |
|
|
Term
define
1. CHIP
2. managed care organization
3. HMO
4. PPO
5. fee for service
6. botique medicine
7. affordable care are |
|
Definition
1. children health insurance program via government regardless of income
2. PPO/HMO
3. hospital/doctors are employees of insurance company and get set amount of money each month depending on # of patients assigned
4. hospital/doctor is under contract to provide reduced rate to pt insured, out of network only gets so much covered
5. do no accept insurance, often pt pays up front and submits claim themself
6. fee for service, annual fee, unlimited visits
7. federal goal to decrease uninsured by allowed preexisting conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of people ina population with a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of new cases in a population per given time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of people who die per given time due to disease |
|
|
Term
| negative perdictive value |
|
Definition
probability disease free despite a negat test. can you rely on a a negative test?
TN / (FN + TN) |
|
|
Term
| positive perdictive value |
|
Definition
probability pt has disease if their test is positive. can you rely on a positive test?
TP / (FP + TP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
risk of anyone in a population getting this disease
>1 at risk of infection due to factor
<1 not risk of infection due to factor
TPxTN / FPxFN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compares risk of those who were exposed getting the disease to those not exposed
TP/(TP+FP) / FN/(FN+TN) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one SD 68%
two SD 95%
three SD 99% |
|
|
Term
define
1. reliability
2. validity
3. percision
4. percision
5. accuracy
6. mean
7. median |
|
Definition
1. dependability of a test, reproducable test results
2. determination of how appropirate a test is for given situation
3. consistancy
4. trueness of result
5. average
6. middle of values |
|
|
Term
null hypothesis
type 1 error
type 2 error |
|
Definition
Ho: says there is NO correlation between disease and risk factor, supporting Ho means your study sucked
1: says it does not support Ho but is really does (a)
2: says it supports Ho but it really doseast (B) |
|
|
Term
define
1. clinical tria
2. chohort
3. case control
4. cross sectional
5. meta analysis
6. prospective study
7. retrospective study |
|
Definition
assess threapeutic benifit of tgreatment, standard before FDA approval
2. real time, follow disease, study effect of risk factors to characterize them
3. follow patents known to have and not have disease
4. correlations between variables (1 means perfect correlation, 0 means none, -1 means negative)
5. collection of data from multiple studies
6. study done here and now (chohort)
7. medical records and data collected prior to the study analized (case control) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka osteum secundum
allows blood from RA to LA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ligamentum arterosum
connects pulmonary artery to aortic arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lugamentum venosum
shunts blood from umbilical vein to IVC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medial umbilical ligaments
deoxygenated blood to placenta
2 in umbulicla cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament)
deliver oxygenated blood from placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
median umbilical ligament
connects bladder with allantois |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
meckels diverticulum
2% of people
2cm long
2 ft from ileocecal junction
inflammation immitates appendicitis |
|
|
Term
| causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis |
|
Definition
CUTE DIMPLES
cyanide
uremia
toluene
ethanol
DKA
isoniazid
methanol
propylene glycol
lactic acidosis
ethylene glycol
salicylates |
|
|
Term
| causes of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis |
|
Definition
CARD
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
addisons
RTA
diarrhea |
|
|
Term
portal systemic anastomoses for
1. esophagus
2. caput medusa
3. hemorrhoids |
|
Definition
1. L gastric vein and azygos vein
2. paraumbilical veins and inferior epigastric veins
3. superior rectal vein and inferior rectal vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tay sachs: AR, sphingolipidosis, lysosomal storage disorder, Jews, decreased motor, paralysis, MR, blindness, hyperacusis (startle), cherry red spot
neimann pick: AR, lysosomal storage, sphingomyelinase, MR, death 2-3yo, hepatosplanomeagly, cherry red spot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AR lysosomal storage
deficiency in B-galactosidase
accumulation of cerebrosides
fatal early
MR, blindness, deafness, paralysis, confulsions |
|
|
Term
| signs of gauchers disease |
|
Definition
AR
lysosomal storage
- B-gluosidase
Jews
cerebroside accumulation in RES
HSM, MR, skeletal deformities
erosion of long bones
osteoperosis45 |
|
|
Term
| muscles of pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
levator ani: peuborectus, pubococcygeus, iliococcigeus
coccygeys
males pelvic floor, raises it, constrict rectum and vagina |
|
|
Term
| innervation of piriformis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscles and sensory of the lumbar plexus |
|
Definition
T12-L4
iliopsoas
quads
adductors
satorus
gracilis
sensation: thigh, butt, lower abdominal, pubes |
|
|
Term
| muscles and sensory of the sacram plexus |
|
Definition
L4-S4
motor and sensory to pelvis and LE
PNS S2-4 to left colon
sciatic: L4-S3 |
|
|
Term
| what inominate dysfunctions cause dysuria and frequency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common sacral function after delivery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common sacral dysfunction |
|
Definition
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