Term
buzz word association
1. glossitis
2. cheilosis
3. beefy red tongue
4. strawberry tongue |
|
Definition
1. B2/riboflavin or B12/cobalamin deficiency
2. B2 deficiency
3. B12 deficiency
4. scarlet fever |
|
|
Term
describe each diverticula...
1. meckels
2. zenkers
3. esophageal
4. colonic |
|
Definition
1. true, ileum, omphalomesentric duct, congenital
2. false, above cricopharyngeal, due to increased pharynx pressure
3. true, hypertonic LES
4. false, diverticulosis due to pressure in colon |
|
|
Term
general info for each gastritis...
1. acute erosive
2. chronic type A
3. chronic type B
4. menetriers |
|
Definition
1. focal damage, etoh, nsaid, stress, smoking
2. autoimmune, pernicious anemia, associated with hashimotos, addisons, vitiligo, in fundus
3. H. pylori, antrum, mucosal metaplasa and carcinoma
4. mucosal hyperplasia and atrophy of glands |
|
|
Term
general info intestinal polyps...
1. hyperplastic
2. harmatomatous
3. inflammatory
4. lymphooid
5. adenomatous |
|
Definition
1. most common, decreased cell turn over leads to build up, benign
2. overgrowth of glands and stroma, benign, associated with petuz-jegher
3. pseudopolyps, ulceration, IBDs
4. large, normal
5. pre-malignant, dysplasia of epithelium of colon, villious worse than tubular |
|
|
Term
cause of each and main symptom...
1. peutz-jegjer
2. familial adenomatous polyposis
3. gardner's syndrome
4. turcot's syndeome
5. hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (lynch syndrome)
6. colon cancer |
|
Definition
1. AD harmatomaous polyp, familial polyposis syndrome, hyperpigmentation of lips, palms, soles
2. loss of APC, AD, 100s plyps, CA
3. colon polyp, mandible tumor, abnormal dentition, AD
4. FAP + brain tumors, AD
5. defective DNA mismatch repair, CA of colon, endometrium, ovary, etc |
|
|
Term
| colon cancer: cause, signs, risk factors |
|
Definition
APC inactivation or k-RAS mutation with p53 inactivation
right: Fe deficiency anemia, blood in poo
left: pencil poo, blood in poo
risk: calories, carbs, meat, little fiber, little NSAIDS |
|
|
Term
| diverticulosis vs diverticulitis |
|
Definition
osis: outpouching at site of vessel, causes bleeding, painless
itis: inflammation due to invection of divertoculosis. no blood, painful, diarrhea (TX cipro + metro) |
|
|
Term
between chrons and UC which has...
1. smoking risk factor
2. risk of megacolon
3. string sign
4. lots of pain |
|
Definition
1. chrons
2. UC
3. chrons
4. chrons |
|
|
Term
use of each...
1. sudan III stain
2. stool fat analysis
3. D-xylose absorption test
4. shilling test |
|
Definition
1. qualitative, is there increase in stool fat, screening
2. quantative, gold standard for fat in stool
3. fed xylose, should be absorbed and be in urine, determins malabsorption
4. identify B12 deficiency via IF administration |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. dermatitis herpetiformis
2. most common gallstone
3. pigment stone
4. coinfection
5. superinfection |
|
Definition
1. celiac sprue
2. cholesterol; fat female, fertile
3. bilirubin, Ca salts
4. getting hepB and hepD at same time
5. getting hepB then hepD (bad) |
|
|
Term
| whipples disease: cause, signs, treatment |
|
Definition
steatorrhea, arthralgia, fever
PAS + macrophages in mucosa
gram positive actinomyces: tropheryma whippelii
TX: ceftriaxone or pen G (TMP/SMX alt) for 4-6mo |
|
|
Term
basic info...
1. cholelithiasis
2. cholecystitis
3. choledocholithiasis
4. ascending cholangitis
5. primary sclerosing cholangitis
6. primary biliary cirrhosis |
|
Definition
1. gallstones
2. gallbladder infection
3. obstructed CBD
4. infected CBD
5. sclerosis of biliary ducts, often have ulcerative colitis
6. anti-mitochondrial antibody |
|
|
Term
cause of each...
1. gilberts
2. crigler najjar 2
3. crigler najjar 1
4. rotor
5. duban johnson |
|
Definition
1. decreased UDP glucronosyl transferase
2. very decreased UDP glucronosyl transferase
3. no UDP glucronosyl transverase
4. impaired secretion of bilirubin
5. impaired secretion of bilirubin, dark liver |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for hepatitis abtibodies to show up |
|
Definition
HBsAg: 3-4mo
anti-HBc: 4 weeks after HBsAg
HBeAg: appears and dissapears within span of HBsAg life |
|
|
Term
| laennec's cirrhosis: process, signs |
|
Definition
alcoholic cirrhosis
alcoholic hepatitis > fatty change, focal necrosis, neutrophils, esinophil hayline inclusions (MALLORY BODIES) > hepatocyte destruction > scars and nodules (MICRONODULES 1ST) > cirrhosis > central vein obstruction
spider angiomata, gynecomastia, palmar erythrma, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, varices, testicular atrophy, portal HTN, infections, bleeding, fat malabsorption, encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bile duct carcinoma
causes: clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcohol, gall stones, hyperTG |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. temp instability in neonate
2. palpation of olive in neonate
3. non-billous projectile vomit neonate
4. DIP pain
5. heperdines nodes, bouchards nodes |
|
Definition
1. necrotizing enterocolitis
2. pyloric stenosis
3. pyloric stenosis
4. osteoarthritis
5. osteoarthritis |
|
|
Term
| changes in bones of OA vs RA |
|
Definition
OA: cartilage lost, joint space narrow, subchondral bone increases density, osteophytes, enburnation (polished), joint mice
RA: synovial membrane proliferation, cartilage erosion, subchondrial bone and soft tissue swelling |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. stills disease
2. sausage digits
3. RA with splenomeagly, infections, leg ulcers
4. blue thin sclera
5. wormian bones, bag of bones |
|
Definition
1. JRA
2. psoriatic arthritis
3. felty syndrome
4. OI
5. OI |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. marble bones
2. rigger jersey vertebrae
3. losers zones
4. brown tumor
5. chalkstick fractures |
|
Definition
1. osteopetrosis (sclerosis/modeling)
2. osteopetrosis
3. osteomalacia (radiolucent bands perpendicular to pseudofractures)
4. osteofibrosis cystica (hyperPTH, hemosiderin)
5. pagets disease of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vitamin D deficiency
liver disease (Cant covert vit D)
pnenytoin: alter liver vit D
phenobarbital: alter liver vit D
renal osteodystrophy
fanconi's syndrome
malnutrition
malabsorption |
|
|
Term
1. osteochondroma: describe, location
2. endochondroma: describe
3. chondroblastoma: location
4. chondrosarcoma: location
5. osteoma: symptoms, location |
|
Definition
1. benign, bone with cartiladge cap, metaphysis
2. cartilage inside bone
3. mostly femur, tibia, humerus epiphysis
4. spine, pelvis
5. painless, skull/face projections |
|
|
Term
1. osteoid osteoma: symptoms, location
2. osteoblastoma: symptoms, location
3. osteosarcoma: buzz words
4. ewings sarcoma: buzz words
5. gowers sign |
|
Definition
1. painful, extremities
2. achy, spine
3. painful, fracture, lytic/blastic, codemans triangle
4. medullary cavity, homer wright rosettes, diaphysis of femur and pelvis, painful, fever, anemia, leukocytosis, lytic, onion skin periosteum
5. duchenne/becker |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. hypertropheried calves
2. temporal and massater wasting
3. whorling pattern with plasmomma bodies
4. 2 brain diseases of NF2 loss |
|
Definition
1. duchenne/becker
2. myotonic muscular dystrophy
3. meningioma
4. meningioma, schwannoma |
|
|
Term
give the buzz words for...
1. pliocystic astrocytoma
2. medulloblastoma
3. oligodendroma
4. ependymoma
5. glioblastoma multiform
6. craniopharyngoma
7. hemangioblastoma |
|
Definition
1. cerebellum, kids, hair like processes
2. #1 in kids, cerebellum, block CSF, sheets of cells, highly malignant
3. white matter, fried egg cells
4. ependymal rosettes or canals, perivascular pseudorosettes
5. pseudopalisading necrosis, butterfly, both hemispheres
6. rathkes remnant, cystic, calcifications, squamous, supratentorail #1 in kids
7. capillaries of cerebellum and retina, von hippel lindau |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. ApoE
2. congo-red stain
3. hirano bodies
4. NMDA antagonist
5. decreased neurons in mynert nuclei
6. inclusions in mynert nuclei |
|
Definition
1. increased risk for alzheimers (binds ab together)
2. protein
3. eosinophil rods in hippocampus neurons in alzheimers
4. memantine
5. alzheimers
6. parkinsons |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. tau protein in balloon cells
2. loss of substantia nigra
3. a-syneculin
4. von economos
5. shy drager
6. Cu Zi superoxide dysmudase defect |
|
Definition
1. pick bodies, frontaltemporal dementia
2. parkinsons
3. lewy bodies, parkinsons
4. H5 influenza causes encephalitis parkinsons
5. parkinsons + autonomic dysfunction
6. ALS |
|
|
Term
buzz word association
1. riluzole
2. caudate degeneration
3. spiny striatal neurons
4. dementia and HTN
5. oligoclonal bands
6. lhermittes sign |
|
Definition
1. prolongs motor function in ALS, Na/Ca blocker, NMDA antagonist, glutamate block
2. huntingtons
3. huntingtons
4. binswangers disease
5. multiple sclerosis
6. multiple sclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AR, CH9 GAA repeat
11yo symptoms, wheelchair in 5y
ataxia, dysarthria, decreased DTR, babinski, sensory loss, pes cavus, kyphoscoliosis, DM1, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia
degeneration of posterior columns, corticospinal, spinocerebellar, cerebellum, nuclei CN VII X XII, sensory peripheral neurons, dorsal root ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AR
infantile spinal muscle atrophy
onset birth - 4mo
death by 3yo
destruction of anterior horn causes muscle atrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
BL optic neuritis, transverse myelitis
demyelination of optic nerve and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
buzz word association..
1. albumino cytologic dissociation
2. delirium tremens
3. hemorrhage and necrosis of mammary bodies
4. cysts in brain with hemosiderin macrophages
5. vermis atrophy
6. corpus callosum degeneration |
|
Definition
1. guillain barre (increased protein without increased cells in CSF)
2. alcohol withdrawal
3. wernickes syndrome
4. korsakoff encephalopathy
5. alcohol toxicity
6. marchiafava bignami disease (wine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
XR
defect in transporter for long chain fatty acids so they build in serum
ADHD, motor and sensory neuropathy, spastic paraplegia, cortical blindness, adrenal insufficiency, demyelination WITH axon degeneration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mimics multiple sclerosis
1-2 large plaques of demyelination in the hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| metachromatic leukodystrophy |
|
Definition
AR
sphingolipidosis
-arylsulfatase A
accumulation of cerebroside
forgetfulness, personality changes, ataxia, motor problems, mask facies, strange posture, dementia, paralysis, muteness |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. presenilin
2. dementia before parkinsons
3. spongiform cortex
4. marcus gunn pupils
5. central and peripheral demyelination |
|
Definition
1. early onset alzheimers
2. lewy body dementia
3. cretuzfeldt jakob
4. multiple sclerosis
5. metachromatic leukodystrophy |
|
|
Term
| charcot marine tooth disease |
|
Definition
hereditary AD
defective proteins in myeling sheath
scoliosis
high or flat arches |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. adrenal gland crusis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| central vs peripheral vertigo |
|
Definition
central: brainstem or cerebellar lesion, directional change nystagmus, diplopia, immediate nystagmus
peripheral: innear ear pathology, delayed horizontal nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| tuberous sclerosis "harmatomas" |
|
Definition
Harmatomas in CNS and skin
Angiofibromas
Mitral regurgitation
Ash leaf spots
Rhabdomyoma, cardiac
Tuberous sclerosis
dOminant, autosmal
Mental retardation
Angiomyolipoma, renal
Seizures
Shagreen patches |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. chicken wire capillaries
2. GFAP stain
3. rosenthal/corkscrew fibers
4. homer wright rosettes
5. drop metastasis to spinal cord
6. rod shaped blepharoplasts |
|
Definition
1. oligodendroma
2. glioblastoma, pliocystic astroma
3. pliocystic astrocytoma
4. medulloblastoma
5. medulloblastoma
6. ependymoma |
|
|
Term
| signs of uncal herniation |
|
Definition
compress ipsilateral CN 3: blown pupil, down and out gaze
compress ipsilateral PCA: contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
compress contralateral crus cerebri: ipsilateral paralysis FAKE LOCALIZATION SIGN |
|
|
Term
| what brain herniation results in coma and death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LES wont relax due to loss of myenteric/auerbach's plexus, may be secondary to chagas
high LES opening pressure, unccordinated peristalsis, dysphagia of solids and liquids, BIRDS BEAK |
|
|
Term
what are theses in less than 1 sentence
1. borehave
2. eosinophilic esophagitis
3. esophageal strictures
4. esophageal varices
5. esophagitis |
|
Definition
1. distal esophageal ruptue due to vomit
2. food allergies
3. lye ingestion, acid reflux
4. painless bleeding due to portal HTN
5. reflux, infection, or chemical |
|
|
Term
what are these in less than 1 sentence
1. GERD
2. mallory weiss syndrome
3. plummer vinson syndrome
4. sclerodermal esophageal dismotility
5. barretts esophagus
6. sister mary joseph nodule
7. virchow node |
|
Definition
1. heartburn, regurgitation, decreased LES pressure, noctournal cough
2. mucosal laceratios at GEJ from vomit
3. dysphagia, Fe deficiency, glossitis
4. esophageal muscle atrophy
5. change from stratified squamous to nonciliated columnat due to GERD, esophagitis, etc. risk adenoCA
6. SC periumbilical metastasis of stomach CA
7. stomach metastasis to left supraclavicular node |
|
|
Term
| types of erosive gastritis |
|
Definition
curling ucer: burns
cushing ulcer: brain injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adenocarcinoma
intestinal: H. pylori, nitrosamines, tobacco, gastritis, LESSER CURVE, RAISED MARGINS
diffuse: SIGNET RING CELLS, LINITIS PLASTICA (gross thickening) |
|
|
Term
| gastric vs duodenal ulcer |
|
Definition
gastric: worse with meals, weight loss, H. pylori or NSAID, older
duodenal: pain decreases with food, weight gain, H. pylori, brunner hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreased ApoB so cannot make chylomicrons and fat accumulates in enterocytes
failure to thrive, steatorrhea, acanthocytosis, ataxia, night blindness |
|
|
Term
buzz word association
1. cobblestone mucosa
2. disease related to chrons
3. disease related to UC
4. pneumaturia
5. killian triangle |
|
Definition
1. chrons
2. ankylosing spondylitis
3. primary sclerosing cholangitis, megacolon
4. colovesical fistula with bladder
5. zenker diverticulum |
|
|
Term
buzz word association
1. meckel diverticulum
2. sigmoid volvus
3. apple core on barium enema
4. hob nail appearance
5. sclerosis around central vein zone 3 |
|
Definition
1. vitelline duct/omphalomesenteric cyst
2. old people
3. colorectal cancer
4. micronodular srunken liver
5. alcoholic sclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
harmatomas of the GI, mouth, lips, hands, genitalia
increased risk of colorectal carcinoma and visceral malignancies
AD
HARMATOMAS THEMSELVES ARE NOT MALIGNANT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occlusion of IVC or hepatic veins with centriolobular congestion and necrosis leading to congestive liver disease
no JVD, blood shunting, nutmeg liver
causes: hypercoaguable, polycythemia vera, pregnancy, hepatoma, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Copper is Hella BAD
Ceruloplasmin decrease, Cirrhosis, Corneal deposits (kayser fleischer), Carcinoma of liver
Hemolytic anemia
Basal ganglia degeneration - parkinsons
Asterixis
Dementia, Dyskinesia, Dysarthria |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. biliary colic
2. gallstone ileus
3. porcelin gallbladder |
|
Definition
1. neurohumoral contraction of gallbladder forces stone into cystic duct
2. gallstone obstructs ileocecal valve
3. chronic cholecystitis, high risk gallbladder carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| pancreatic adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
risk: tobacco, pancreatitis, DM, >50yo, jewish, AA, male
sighs: abdominal pain radiating to back, migratory thrombophlebitis (TROSSEAUS SYNDROME), obstructive jaundice with palpable nontender gallbladder (COURVOISIERS SIGN) |
|
|
Term
| hormone levels in menopause |
|
Definition
high FSH and LH
low estrogen and progesterone
FSH:LH >2:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high LH, androstendione, testosterone, esterone
low FSH
LH:FSH >2:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SIADH: excess ADH, hyponatremia, hypertension (just water movement) (dont forget SmCC)
DI: ADH deficiency decreased secretion from posterior pituitary. polyuria, polydypsia
nDI: lack of kidney response to ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adrenal adenoma that overproduces ALD
hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
malignant tumor of adrenal medulla or sympathetic ganglia of neural crest origin
excess NE
enlarged abdomen, HTN, metastasis, painful bony METs, respiratory distress MET to thorax, urinary obstruction MET to pelvis, gait disturbance MET to spinal cord, diarrhea (Secretes VIP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause: autoimmune, TB, histoplasma
decreased ALD: hypernatremia, hypotension, HYPERkalemia, increased ACTH (hyperpigmentation9 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hx chronic migraine meds (ergots) >6mo
fibrosis of thyroid makes it non functional
hypothyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka: subacute thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis
viral, URI
malaise, fever, enlarged tender thyroid, pain radiates to jaw, face, ears
hyperthyroid followed by hypothyroid |
|
|
Term
thyroid tumor basic features
1. follicular adenoma
2. papillary carcinoma
3. follicular carcinoma
4. anaplastic carcinoma
5. medullary carcinoma |
|
Definition
1. single, palpable, hyperthyroid
2. MOST COMMON, best prog, finger like projections, ORPHAN ANNIE NUCLEI/GROUND GLASS, PSMOMMOMA BODIES
3. middle age, poor prognosis
4. elderly, poor prognosis
5. CA of parafollicular C cells, increased CALCITONIN, HYPOCALCEMIA, MEN2 |
|
|
Term
cause of
1. primary hyperPTH
2. secondary hyperPTH
3. hypoPTH
4. pseudohypoPTH
5. pseudopseudophyoPTH |
|
Definition
1. parathyroid pathology
2. renal failure, kidney wont respond to PTH
3. thyroidectomy
4. albrights hereditary osteodystrophy, no response to PTH, GNAS from mom defect
5. GNAS from dad defect, signaling for PTH broken |
|
|
Term
| signs of pseudo/pseudopseudohypoPTH |
|
Definition
| short stature, obesity, short hand bones |
|
|
Term
| gestational DM cause and DX |
|
Definition
cause: hPL from placenta increases insulin resistance
DX: glucola test screening 27- wks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -glucokinase so glucose cannot stay in cells causing hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
conditions in...
1. MEN1
2. MEN2A
3. MEN2B |
|
Definition
1. adrenal adenoma, pituitary adenoma, hyperparathyroid, gastrinoma (zollinger ellison or insulinoma)
2. pheochromocytoma, thyroid medulla CA, hyperparathyroid
3. pheochromocytoma, thyroid medulla CA, mucosal neuromas, marfanoid features |
|
|
Term
what do these look like...
1. seborrheic keratosis
2. keratocanthoma
3. acinic keratosis
4. basal cell CA
5. SCC
6. melanoma |
|
Definition
1. round, flat, velvet, grease, stuck on
2. flesh color dome, keratin fill plug, face and hand dorsum
3. dysplasia before CA, sun
4. sun, slow, pealry gray, telangiectasias
5. UV DNA damages langerhans, sun
6. sun, change in color, previous nevus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genitals, thick gray white plaque
HPV
10% SCC risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pigment papules on external genitalia
mimic condyloma acuminatum
rarley SCC risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multiple shiny red plaques on glans or pepuce
10% SCC risk |
|
|
Term
1. impetigo
2. pityriasis rosea
3. rosacea
4. tinea versicolor
5. psoriasis |
|
Definition
1. S. pyogenes, S. aureus, bullae > pustule > crust on hands and face
2. herald patch, christmas tree, resolves in 2-8wks
3. NO comedones, telangiectasia, pustules, erythema, rhinophyma
4. hyper/hypopigmented, spaghetti and meatballs (hyphe/spores), pryrosporum orbicularis/pityrosporum ovale/ malassezia furfur
5. sharp demacration, red plaque, scale |
|
|
Term
1. seborrheic dermatitis
2. eczema
3. xanthoma
4. capillary hemangioma
5. cavernous hemangioma
6. lentigo |
|
Definition
1. cradle cap, greasy scales, dandruff, brows and ears too, puritis, burning, parkinsons
2. exacerbated atopic, contact, ir seborrheic dermatitis.
3. cholesterol in DERMIS
4. birthmark/salmon patch/stork bite close capillaries
5. port wine stain, sturge webber
6. hyperplasia of melanocytes, tan macules, liver spots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
falty mesoderm and ectoderm development
cavernous hemangioma - port wine stain associated with meninges
seizures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adrenal medulla tumor in kids
neural crest cells
can occur anywhere along sympathetic chain |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. rule of 10s
2. hurthle cells
3. jod basedow phenomenon
4. rule of 1/3 |
|
Definition
1. pheochromocytoma 10% mailigant, BL, extradrenal, calcify, kids
2. lymphoid aggregate with germinal center in hashimotos
3. thyrtoxicosis with iodine deficiency goiter
4. carcinoid syndrome, 1/3 metastasize, have another malignancy, have multiple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
congenital hypothyroidism, thyroid agenesis or dysgenesis
Ps
Pot belly, Pale, Puffy face, Protruding umbilicus, Protuberent tongue, Poor brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
catecholamine surge in hyperthyroidism
agitation, delirium, fever, diarrhea, coma, tachyarrhythmia, ALP
TX: 3Ps: propranolol, propylithiouracil, Prednisolone |
|
|
Term
| signs of primary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
renal stones
constipation groans
painful bones (in osteitis fibrosa cystica)
psychiatric overtones (depression) |
|
|
Term
| signs of hypoparathyroidism |
|
Definition
chvostek sign: facial nerve tap contracts facial muscles
trosseau sign: occlusion of brachial artery with BP causes carpal spasm |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis and TX of central vs nephrogenic DI |
|
Definition
central: water restriction leads to increase in urine osmolarity >50%. TX desmopressin
nephrogenic: water restriction causes no change in osmolarity. TX thiazides |
|
|
Term
| labs and TX of diabetic ketoacitosis |
|
Definition
hyperglycemia
anion gap metabolic acidosis
increased ketones
hyperkalemia (due to shift from inside to outside of the cells from decreased insulin)
TX: IV fluids, IV insulin, K, +/- glucose to stop hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lethargy, syncope diplopia, decreased glucose, increased C peptide |
|
|
Term
| signs of carcinoid syndrome and TX |
|
Definition
increased 5HT
no signs if in the GI (due to first pass)
diarrhea, flushing, asthma wheezing, right side valve disease, NIACIN DEFICIENCY (pellagra)
TX: somatostatin analog (octerotide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activation of FGFR3 inhibits chondrocyte proliferation causing failure of endochondral ossification of long bones and short limbs |
|
|
Term
buzz word association...
1. DEXA score of osteoperosis
2. soap bubble on x-ray
3. small blue cell tumor
4. monosodium urate
5. podagra |
|
Definition
1. T!!!! T score <-2.5 (2. giant cell bone tumor, knee
3. ewings sarcoma
4. gout, -bifringent, yellow in parallel light, blue in perpendicular
5. gout of big toe MTP |
|
|
Term
| osteopetrosis: cause, signs, TX |
|
Definition
failure of normal bone reabsorption due to defective osteoclasts that cant make acid to break bone down
thick bone that is prone to fracture and fills the marrow space
pancytopenia, extramedullary hematopoesis, CN impingement
TX: marrow transplant (OSTEOCLASTS ARE DERIVED FROM MONOCYTES) |
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|
Term
Buzz word association...
1. tophus
2. pyrophosphate crystals
3. pencil in cup deformity
4. bamboo spine
5. anti-SCL70 |
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Definition
1. gout
2. pseudogout, basophillic, rhomboid, positive bifringent, blue in parallel light
3. psoriatic arthritis
4. ankylosing spondylitis
5. scleroderma, anti-DNA topoisomerase I Ab |
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Term
| causes of reactive arthritis |
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Definition
| shigella, salmonella, yersinia, camplobacter, chalmydia |
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Term
|
Definition
RASH OR PAIN
Rash malar or discoid
Arthritis
Serositis
Hematologic cytopenia
Oral nasopharangeal ulcers
Rrenal disease (membranous, diffuse proliferative), raynauds
Photosensitive
Positive VDRL/PRP
ANA
Immunosupressant TX
Neuro - seizures, psychosis
P
A
I
N |
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Term
|
Definition
progressive symmetric proximal muscle weakness
endomysial inflammation with CD8 cells
usually shoulders
anti-Jo1, SRP, ANA, Mi2
increased CK |
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Term
|
Definition
POLYMYOSITIS with malar rash, shawl and face rash, mechanics hands
anti-Jo1, SRP, ANA, Mi2
increased CK
PERIMYSIAL inflammation and atrophy with CD4 cells |
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Term
| lambert eaton vs myasthenia gravis |
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Definition
myasthenia: ab to ACh receptor, ptosis, diplopia, worsens with use, TX ACEI
lambert: ab to presynaptic Ca channels decrease ACh release, SmCC!!!!!!!!, dry mouth, impotence, proximal weakness, improves with use, ACEI has little effect |
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Term
|
Definition
metaplasia of skeletal muscle to bone following muscular trauma
often in lower extremity |
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Term
|
Definition
cholasma
hyperpigmentation due to pregnancy or OPC use |
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Term
buzz word association...
1. auzpitz sign
2. melanocytic nevus
3. ephelis
4. lesser trelat sign
5. cellulitis |
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Definition
1. pin point bleeding from scraped scales in psoriasis
2. common mole, increased melanin
3. freckle
4. sudden increase in seborrhetic keratosis sugesting GI/lymphoid malignancy
5. S. pyogenes or S. aureus |
|
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Term
| staph scalded skin syndrome |
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Definition
exotoxin kills keratinocyte attachment in stratum granulosum (epidermal-dermal junction)
fever, red, sloughing |
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Term
what do these look like
1. phemphigus vulgaris
2. bullous pemphigoid
3. basal cell CA
4. BRAF mutation +S100 |
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Definition
1. anti-desmoglein, weaping, crusty blisters, niklosky sign sloughing
2. defined bullous, IgG-hemidesmosomes (BM)
3. pink, pearly, rolled borders, telangesticas
4. melanoma |
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Term
|
Definition
Puritic
Purple
Polygonal
Planar
Papules
Plaques
wickham striae (reticular white lines(
sawtooth infiltrate of lymphocytes at dermal epidermal junction
associated with hep C |
|
|
Term
source...
1. cadmium
2. cobalt
3. lead
4. mercury
5. arsenic
6. cyanide |
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Definition
1. welding, paint, pigment
2. B12, drilling, mining
3. paint, fishing, plumbing
4. thermometer, fish
5. groundwater
6. rubber/plastic smoke, peach pit, apple seeds, cherry puts, apricot pits |
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|
Term
signs of poisoning...
1. cadmium
2. cobalt
3. lead
4. mercury
5. arsenic
6. cyanide |
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Definition
1. N/V/D, salivation, metal taste
2. pink gastric lavage, cardiomyopathy
3. irritability, microcytic anemia, behavior problems, burtons lines, RTA
4. wine urine, colitis, black poo, burtons lines, tremors, ataxia, blindness, burning in stomach and throat
5. garlic smell, rash, anxiety, salivation, colitis, lung CA, microcytic anemia, blindness
6. almond smell, RAPID wrakness, confusion, sleepiness, coma, seizure, death |
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|
Term
source...
1. asbestos
2. aromatic amines
3. benzene
4. chromium
5. vinyl chloride
6. alpha amantin
7. CO |
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Definition
1. mines, insulation, raiilroad, ships
2. yellow and red food dyes, smoke
3. research
4. incenerators, road dust, tatoo, welding, dietary supplement
5. PVC, refrigerants, plants
6. toadstools, mushrooms
7. home heater, car exhaust |
|
|
Term
signs of poisoning...
1. asbestos
2. aromatic amines
3. benzene
4. chromium
5. vinyl chloride
6. alpha amantin
7. CO |
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Definition
1. mesothelioma, asbestosis
2. bladder cancer
3. oliguria, insomnia, CNS depression, wine urine, marrow damage
4. anuria, death, lung CA
5. headache, nausea, liver damage, portal vein fibrosis, angiosarcoma
6. cramping, diarrhea in 24h, renal and hepatic failure in 5d, death 7d
7. cherry lips, stupor, death |
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|
Term
DOC meningitis...
1. GBS
2. empiric
3. H. influenzae
4. neisseria |
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Definition
1. pen G
2. ceftriaxone + vancomycin
3. ceftriaxone
4. pen G or ceftriaxone |
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Term
| quadriceps activation test |
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Definition
tests PCL
hip flexed, knee flexed, flex quads, tibia will move back into place meaning PCL damage |
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Term
|
Definition
inhibits ALD: hyperkalemia metabolic acidosis
osteoperosis type 3: tells osteoblast to activate osteoclasts
aloplecia |
|
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Term
| LDL receptor interactions |
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Definition
LIV 100 CHI tEa
VLDL, IDL, LDL use B100 for LDL receptor |
|
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Term
| what bones is the ET tube touching |
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Definition
temporal mostly
part of greater wing of sphenoid |
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Term
what diseases does treating the ____ bone help
1. frontal
2. maxillary
3. occiput
4. parietal bone |
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Definition
1. URI, ethmoid and sphenoid sinusitis
2. URI, maxillary sinusitis, dental problems
3. sucking problems, colic, GERD
4. molding, plageocephaly, headaches |
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Term
HLA associated with
1. MS
2. graves
3. IBD
4. DM1 |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
INFb - increases supressor T cell activity, reduces cytokines, reduces lymphocyte trafficing
decreases relapse, severity, improve lesions |
|
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Term
| DOC HER2 positive breast cancer |
|
Definition
|
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Term
MOA
1. pioglitazone
2. glipizide, glimeptide
3. acarbose |
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Definition
1. increase expression of insulin responsive genes
2. increase insulin secretion
3. inhibit glucosidase in SI to stop breakdown of starch to glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
non caseating granulomas
restrictive lung disease
middle aged AA women
dyspnea, erythrma nodosum, uveitis
painless swelling of salivary and lacrimal glands
enlarged hilar nodes
ELEVATED ACE
hypercalcuria |
|
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Term
| what would happen if the pituitary were cut off from regulation by the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| prolactin is the only ant pituitary hormone under negative regulation because dopamine from the hypothalamus decreases it so prolactin would increase |
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Term
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Definition
| psoriasis with eruptions of small salmon pink drop like lesions 1-10mm |
|
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Term
| loa loa: location, lifecycle, signs, TX |
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Definition
rainforest west africa swamp
mango or deer fly
chrysops silicea or dimidiata
larvae mature in SC and are asymptomatic unless you have HSN
adult causes SC angioedema and calabar swelling of the eye, puritis, pain
adult can migrate subconjunctuval
DOC diethylcarbamazine |
|
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Term
MOA
1. diethylcarbamazine
2. melbendazole
3. niridazole
4. praziquantel
5. Na stiboglyconate |
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Definition
1. inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism in filaria making them susceptible to immune attack
2. paralysis of helminths, inhibits microtubule synthesis blocking glucose uptake
3. prevents oogenesis/sermatogenesis inhibitng PFK to deplete glycogen
4. increases membrane permeability to Ca causling contraction paralysis
5. inhibit DNA topoisomerase I |
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Term
| DOC MOA dracunculus medinensis |
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Definition
niridazole DOC
in drinking water, penetrates intestine, skin inflammation and ulceration |
|
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Term
| DOC and signs of leshmania donovani |
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Definition
HSM, fever, pancytopenia
TX Na stibogluconate |
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|
Term
1. health literacy
2. legal capacity
3. mental competency |
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Definition
1. ability to read, understand, and use healthcare info in order to make decisions and follow treatment
2. ability and power to engage in transaction or maintain status or relationship with another
3. measure of mental ability to act or join a contract with required presence of mind |
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Term
| drugs that cause retinal deposits |
|
Definition
hydroxychloroquine - RA, malaria
thioridazine - anti psychotic
ethambutol (optic neuritis) - TB |
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Term
|
Definition
psychostimulant
narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder,
increases monoamines (NE, SE, HE) in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
REM is active stage of sleep regulated by ACh (eye movement, heightened brain activity, temporary paralysis) takes 80-100 min to get to REM
narcoleptics have decreased REM latency and enter REM within a few min. sudden onset REM from active waking state. |
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Term
| causes of decreased REM sleep |
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Definition
| alcohol, barbs, benzos, increased NE (anxiety disorders) |
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Term
| problems with stage three sleep, how can you tell someone is in stage three |
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Definition
deltal wave EKG
decreased stage: depression, imipramine, alcohol, BDZ, barbs
other prolems: bed wetting, night terrors, sleep walking |
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Term
| to be eligabile for medicare what are the criteria for hospice |
|
Definition
>65yo and previously worked
<65yo and recieving social security disability or have end stage renal disease with dialysis
prognosis <6mo |
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Term
| DX, symptoms and cause related to mitral valve prolapse |
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Definition
signs: anxiety, panic attacks, arrhythmia, atypical CP
cause: myxomatous degeneration of valve results in GAG dermatin sulfate in matrix and redundancy of valve
midsystole click, increased standing, valsalva, inspiration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
decrescendo diastolic blowing murmut
best sitting and leaning forward with breath held in expiration, swuatting, handgrip |
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Term
|
Definition
mid diastole rumble, opening snap, best with bell over apex in left lateral recumbant
intensifies with exercise, decreases with rest and valsalva
often caused by rheumatic heart disease |
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Term
|
Definition
holosystolic murmut
inspiration increases intensity
split S2 |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
fracture or degeneration of pars
scotty dog with collar |
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Term
|
Definition
anterior displacement of vertebrae
scotty dog with head cut off
1. dysplastic: congenital neural arch deficiency :2
2a. isthmic: fatigue fracture <50y
2b. microfractures
2c. acute pars trauma
3. degenerative, degeneration of zygopophyseal
4. trauma without pars fracture
5. pathologic |
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Term
|
Definition
| fusion of joint bones restricts movement and causes muscle spasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| degenerative disc and akylosisnarrows canal causing aching |
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Term
1. vertebral facets
2. costovertebral joint
3. costotransverse joint
4. costochondral joint |
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Definition
1. between vertebral bodies
2. between head of rib and vertebral body
3. between articular tubercle and transverse process
4. betrween anerior end of rib and costal cartilage |
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Term
ribs associated with
1. scalenes
2. pec minor
3. serratus anterior
4. latissimus dorsi
5. quadratus lumborum |
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Definition
1. anterior and middle 1, posterior 2
2. 3-5
3. 6-8
4. 9-12
5. 12 |
|
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Term
| normal parts to a typical rib |
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Definition
| head, neck, tubercle, angle shaft |
|
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Term
| most common type of scholisos, treatment, diagnosis |
|
Definition
idiopathic
adams forward bending test and scoliometer
cobb angle <30 -> observation
30-40 -> orthosis/bracing during growing
>40 -> operative
right thoracic most common, right shoulder rotated forward, right scapula medial border posterior |
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Term
|
Definition
erector spinae: iliocostal, longissimus, spinalis (lat to medial)
multifidius and rotators: deep
quadratus lumborum: rib 12 to lumbar transverse processes, iliolumbar ligament, internal iliac crest
iliopsoas: T12-L5, primary flexor |
|
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Term
| signs of iliopsoas syndrome |
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Definition
flexed and sidebent towards
inability to stand straight
L1-L2 dysfunction
BACKWARD TORSION
PELVIC SHIFT AWAY
CONTRALATERAL PIRIFORMIS SPASM
lumbar lordosis when supine |
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Term
| L4 sensory, motor, reflex |
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Definition
motor: dorsiflex foot, anterior tibialis
sensory: medial calf, medial malleolus, knee reflex |
|
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Term
| L5 sensory, motor, reflex |
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Definition
motor: dorsiflex big toe (extensor hallicus longus)
sensory: lateral calf, dorsal foot and big toe |
|
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Term
| S1 sensory, motor, reflex |
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Definition
plantarflex (peroneus longus and brevis, gastrocnemius)
sensory: plantar foor, lateral malleolus and foot
reflex; achilles |
|
|
Term
| what does a dexamethasone supression test do |
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Definition
| stop ACTH release from pituitary only |
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Term
motor function and do they pierce a muscle
1. medial cutaneous
2. musculocutaneous
3. radial
4. ulnar
5. median nerve |
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Definition
1. none
2. pierces coracobrachialis, anterior compartment of arm
3. triceps, lateral brachialis
4. pierces medial head triceps, no motor or sensory in the arm
5. pronaters teres, pierces it too |
|
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Term
| what is the arm over the bar chair defect |
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Definition
entire arm paresis
radial nerve (C5-T1) |
|
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Term
| typical use of clindamycin |
|
Definition
| anaerobes of the GI tract |
|
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Term
|
Definition
protein synthesis inhibitor
vancomycin resistant GPC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suprachiasmatic nucleus of pineal gland |
|
|
Term
| when does the placenta take over progesterone in pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind 30S inhibiting tRNA binding |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bind 50S inhibiting rRNA blocking translocation |
|
|
Term
| when light enters the right eye if neither constrict there is damage in the ________. when light enters the left eye if the right does not constrict it is the _________ |
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Definition
optic nerve
oculomotor nerve |
|
|
Term
leads of...
1. LAD
2. L circumflex
2. Post descending
3. marginal of R. coronary
4. R. coronary |
|
Definition
1. V1-4
2. V4-6, I, aVL
3. V1, V2, II, III, aVF
4. II, III, aVF
5. II, III, aVF |
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Term
when do these occur after a MI...
1. arrhythmia
2. ventricular wall rupture
3. dressler syndrome
4. fibrous pericarditis |
|
Definition
1. shortly after
2. 5-10d
3. 2-4wk
4. 3-5d |
|
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Term
|
Definition
volume overload causing turbulence as blood in the atrium enters ventricle in diastole
cardiomyopathy (eccentric hypertrophy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis)
(often sudden death in young healthy athletes) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| concentric hypertrophy (decreased compliance), atria has to give extra kick to eject blood |
|
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Term
|
Definition
sunburst
associated with retinoblastoma (leukocoria: white reflex) |
|
|
Term
| DOC osteomyelitis in sickle cell |
|
Definition
flouroquinolone to cover salmonella
vancomycin to cover S. aureus/MRSA |
|
|
Term
| when is routine rhogam administration> |
|
Definition
| 28wks and within 72h of delivery |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Rh- mom within unknown dad bloody type or known Rh+ baby or dad, ectopic pregnancy, abortion, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
altitude disease when lowlanders travel >1400ft
avoid overhydration, but do not dehydrate (avoid alcohol)
complications: pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, retinal hemorrhage, chronic mountain sickness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
common in smokers and alcoholics
cough, mild sputum maybe some blood
bilateral patchy infiltrates
diarrhea
confusion
HYPONATREMIA
hepatic dysfunction
hematuria
fever |
|
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Term
| DOC enuresis in children and SE |
|
Definition
desmopressin (after alarm and cognitive behavorial therapy)
SE: seizure from water intoxication
CANNOT DIAGNOSE UNTIL 5YO |
|
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Term
| DOC in child undergoing regression |
|
Definition
| psychotherapy with positive reinforcement |
|
|
Term
sounds of...
1. inhaled foreign body
2. interstitial pneumonia
3. lobar pneumonia
4. pleuritis |
|
Definition
1. stridor (high wheeze)
2. rales, whispered pectoriloqy, egophony
3. same
4. splinting: pain stops breathing, friction rub |
|
|
Term
| which arrhythmias can be treated with valsalva and why |
|
Definition
supraventricular
increase PNS to heart which decreases HR
(makes AV block worse tho) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anticholinergic stops vagal smooth muscle contraction in the luns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5-lioooxygenase inhibitor augment neutrophil and eosinophil migration, aggregation, adhesion, capillary permeability, smooth muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| DOC irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning |
|
Definition
atropine: muscarinic antagonist
pralidoxime: regenerate cholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| MOA and use physostigmine |
|
Definition
| indirect agonist or anticholinesterase used for glaucoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever every 1-2wks followed by 1-2wks afrebile in hodgkins lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
volume: single measure of total pulmonary system
capacity: combination of lung volumes |
|
|
Term
1. tidal volume
2. inspiratory reserve volume
3. expiratory reserve volume
4. residual volume |
|
Definition
1. breathing in/out at rest
2. air forcefully inspired above normal tidal volume
3. air forcefully expired below normal tidal volume
4. air left in lungs after forceful expiration |
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|
Term
1. inspiratory capacity
2. functional residual capacity
3. vital capacity
4. total lung capacity |
|
Definition
1. itdal and inspiratory reserve
2. expiratory reserve and residual
3. inspiratory reserve, tidal, and expiratory reserve
4. vital capacity and residual volume |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bleed in
2. epidural hematoma |
|
Definition
1. bridging veins
2. middle meningeal |
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