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energy can be used to do work |
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energy transferred to or from a system |
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heat and work always refer to energy in ___________ |
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a set of particles of interacting components considered to be a distinct physical entity for the purpose of study. |
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the combination of conditions and influences outside of a system that affect the behavior of the system |
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work done on or by a gas is __________ multiplied by _________& ____________ |
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pressure is a meausre of how much _______is applied over a given area |
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pressure equals force divided by area |
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change in force is ____ to area multiplied by displacement |
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volume equals area multipled by displacment |
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work=pressure times volume change |
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isovolumetric process. isothermal prrocess. adiabatic process |
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the 3 thermodynamic processes |
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thermodynamic process that takes place at constant volume so that no work is done on or by the system |
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a thermodynamic process taht takes place at constant temperature |
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a thermodynamic process during which no energy is transferred to or from the system as heat |
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infernal energy is ______ in a constant temperature process |
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Energy is not______ as heat in an adiabatic process |
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are accompanied by an increase in entropy of the universe |
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all spontaneous processes |
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cant transfer all energy as heat to do work |
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Definition
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1. substance absorbs energy as heat from a high temp resevoir 2. work is done by the engine 3. energy is expelled as heat to a lower temp resevoir |
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Definition
heat engines cyclic process |
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the second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
no cyclic process that converts heat entirely into work is possible |
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equal to high temperature |
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in a cyclyic process, work can never be |
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some energy must always be transferred as ________to the systems surroundings |
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measures how well an engine operates |
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a _____process cant completely convert energy transferred as heat into work, nor can it transfer energy as ______, from a _____-temperature body to a ________- temperature body without ______ being done in the process |
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equation for the efficiency of a heat engine |
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eff=Wnet/Qn=Qn-Qc/Qn=1-Qc/Qh |
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a measure of the randomness of disorder of a system |
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the greater the entropy of a system is, the greater the systems _______ |
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there is less energy to do work |
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increases in all natural processes |
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the entropy of the universe.... |
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energy is removed from system as heat |
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energy added to system as heat |
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work done on a system [compression of gas] |
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work done by system [expansion of gas] |
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at equilibrium position, speed reaches a______ |
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spring force & acceleration |
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Definition
at maximum displacement, ____& ______ reach a maximum |
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restoring force, displacement |
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Definition
in simple harmonic these are proportional to one another |
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states that restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement of the mass |
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spring force = -(spring constant x displacement) |
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a spring force that always pushes or pulls the mass toward its original equilibrium position |
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vibration about which an equilibrium position in which a restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. |
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elastic potentioal energy |
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a stretched or compressed spring has.... |
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increases as a pendulums displacement increases |
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constructive interference |
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waves come together and go their seperate ways and disperse unchanged |
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two displacements are added and the resultant wave is the difference between the two pulses |
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complete destructive interference |
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when the two waves cancel out |
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occur when two waves of the same frequency, wave length, and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere. |
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stationary points that dont change |
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the hightes amplitudes where the largest displacement occurs, directly between the nodes. |
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what waves travel through |
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________need a medium to travel on |
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waves motion goes up and down |
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a special periodic wave in which the periodic motion is also simple harmonic |
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a wave that makes vibrations perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion |
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picture that represents every point of the wave in one moment in time, or 1 particular point of the wave as time passes |
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highest pont above the equilibrium positive |
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the lowest point below the equilibrium positive |
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this type of wave occurs wehn the force on the wave is parallel with the motion of the wave |
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the first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
the principle of energy conservation that takes into account a systems internal energy as well as work and heat |
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first law of thermodynamics simplified |
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Definition
energy is neither created nor destroyed only transferred and changed. |
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change in systems internal energy= energy transferred to or from system as heat |
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a thermodynamic process in which a system returns to the same conditions under which it started |
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an isothermal process [all energy is transferred as work or heat] |
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a cyclic process resembles |
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net change in the systems intenal energy |
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Definition
the process can be repeated with no |
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max displacement from equilibrium |
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time it takes to complete a whole cycle or wave oscillation to occur; |
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the number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time; also the number of waves produced per unit of time. |
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