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| independent of size of system i.e. T, P, or density |
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| depend on size/extent of system i.e. m, V, E |
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| implies a balance i.e. no unbalanced driving forces |
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| quasi-equilibrium (QE) process |
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Definition
| When process proceeds so that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times, |
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| if a system returns to its initial state at end of process i.e. initial and final states of cycle are same |
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| Physical quantities characterized (mass, m, or velocity, V, etc.) |
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| primary or fundamental dimensions |
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| Basic dimension mass m, length L, time t, temperature T |
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| secondary or derived dimensions |
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Definition
| velocity V, energy E, volume V expressed in terms of primary dimensions |
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due to system motion w/rt reference frame
KE = mV2/2 (kJ) |
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| due to system elevation in gravitational fieldPE=mgz (kJ) |
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| Total energy and specific total energy |
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Definition
| E = U + KE + PE + U + (mV^2)/2 + mgz |
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Definition
Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between a system and its surroundings by virtue of a temperature difference in a direction of higher T to lower T
Heat is energy in transition and is only recognized as it crosses the boundary
Heat is form of energy so units are kJ or Btu (1 kJ=0.94782 Btu) |
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Term
| Heat transfer sign convention |
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Definition
Q > 0: heat transfer to the system
Q < 0: heat transfer from the system
Q = 0: adiabatic |
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Term
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Definition
1) conduction (solid/fluid; molecular collision) ~derivative of T
2) convection (fluid; motion) ~ T difference
3) radiation (no medium needed/wave vs. particle) ~ T^4 |
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Definition
work involves a force acting through a distance
Examples include a rising piston, rotating shaft, current carrying wire, etc |
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Definition
W < 0 is work done on the system
W > 0 is work done by the system |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
deltaE = Q -W
Q - W = deltaE + dektaU + deltaKE + deltaPE
Q - W = deltaU (stationary system)
Q - W = 0 (cyclic process) |
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Definition
| refers to quantity of matter that has same chemical composition and physical structure throughout e.g. all solid, all liquid, or all vapor (gas) |
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| with fixed chemical composition throughout i.e. water, N2, He, CO2, etc. |
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| molecules are closely packed and arranged in a 3D pattern (lattice) which is repeated throughout solid e.g. long range order |
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chunks of molecules float about each other but w/in each chunk molecules maintain orderly structure e.g. short range order
Definite volume but fluid shape
Slight increase in distance between molecules over solid |
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Definition
molecules far apart w/ no molecular order
Molecules move about at random colliding w/ each other and walls of container
Shape and volume defined by container |
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| compressed or subcooled liquid (CL or SL) |
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Definition
| not about to vaporize (boil) |
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| liquid about to boil (cant hold in any more heat) |
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| Saturated liquid-vapor mixture (SLVM) |
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Definition
under wet dome
T = constant due to breaking of bonds |
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Definition
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Definition
| Vapor not about to condense |
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Definition
x = (m_vapor/m_total)
m_total = m_vapor + m_liquid |
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Definition
y = y_f + x (y_g - y_f)
x = (y - y_f)/(y_g - y_f)
y_f <= y <= y_g (inside wet dome) |
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Definition
| quantity of matter *or* a region of space chosen for study |
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| Mass or region outside system |
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| Real or imaginary surface that separates system from surroundings |
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Definition
Features:
– Fixed amount of mass
– No mass can cross its boundary
– Energy (in form of heat and work interactions) can cross boundary
– Volume of closed system does not have
to be fixed |
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control volume
Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a CV |
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Any characteristic of a system
i.e. pressure P, temperature T, volume V, mass m, etc. |
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