1). Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

• Psychoanalysis
• Humanistic Therapies
• Behavioral Therapies
• Cognitive Therapies
• Group & Family Therapies

1). Sigmund Freud's therapy technique. He believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretation of them-release previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. 

2). Few clinicians today practice this type of therapy.

1). A humantic therapy; variety of therapies that aim to improve pscyhological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

1). A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. Also called person-centered therapy.

1). Humanistic therapists aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.

2). Engage in active listening and echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient's thinking, acknowleding expressed feelings.

• Insight Therapies
• Client-Centered Therapy
• Active listening

1). Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

2). To treat phobias or sexual disorders, behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes.

• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning

1). Counterconditioning - A procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that triger unwanted behaviors.

2). This procedure is based on classical conditioning and includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning.

1). Expose patients to things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habiuate to things feared.

2). Involves exposing people to fear-driving objects in real or virtual environments.

1). A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias.

1). A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

2). With this technique, temporary conditioned aversion to alcohol has been reported.

1). These procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification- Desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished.

1). An operant conditioning procedure in which patients  earn a token of some sort for exhibiting the desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

1). This type of therapy teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

• Beck's Therapy for Depression
• Stress Inoculation Training
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

1). Aaron Beck suggested that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (e.g. failing a test [event]) in life as major causes for their depression.

1). Meichenbaum trained people to structure their thinking in stressful situations.

• "Relax, the exam may be hard, but it will be hard everyone else too. I studied harder than most people. Besides, I don't need a perfect score to get a goof grade."

1). Aims to alter the way people act (behavioral therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy).

2). Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior.

1). They have a PhD mostly. They are experts in research, assessment, and therapy, all of which is verified through a supervised internship.

1). They have a Masters of Social Work. Postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems.

1). Pastoral counselors or abuse counselors work with problems arising from family relations, spouse and child abusers and their victims, and substance abusers.

1). They are physicians who specialize in the treatment of pscyhological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have an extensive training in psychotherapy, but as MDs they can prescribe medications.

1). These include physical, medicincal, and other forms of biological therapies.

• Drug Therapies
• Brain Stimulation
• Psychosurgery

1). Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.

1). Remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others.

1). A common salt, been used to stabilize manic episodes in bipolar disorders.

2). It moderates the levels of norepinephrine and glutamine neurotransmitters.

1). ECT is used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs.

2). The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get a 100 volt shock that relieves them of depression

1). Today it's used sparingly and as a last resort in alleviating psychological disturbances. This form of surgery is irreversible. Removal of brain tissue changes the mind.

2). Popular during the Neolithic times.