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Differ from person to person.
Includes what the person feel or think, what a person already know and do through life experience or education.
Personal knowledge includes the individual's perception of how the world work and sometimes can be hard to share with others. |
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| The norms and standards that is developed overtime in a community and socially agreed upon. These knowledge includes disciplines, systems, skills, methods and standards of judgment. |
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specific branches of knowledge in which have a different nature and different methods of gaining knowledge.
TOK categorized eight areas of knowledge includes: mathematics, the natural sciences, the human sciences, the arts, history, ethics, religious knowledge systems, and indigenous knowledge systems |
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Help answer the question “how do we know?” and “how do I know?”
Which mean help understand the acquisition of shared knowledge in the eight areas of knowledge and personal knowledge. |
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| Real-life situation (RLS) |
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| an actual event/occurrence from the real world that comes from personal experience, or from an outside source that is complex and offer opportunities for questioning and analysis in TOK. |
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Statements about knowledge.
In TOK there are two types of knowledge claims.
First-order claims:
Claims that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world.
Second-order claims:
Claims that are made about knowledge. involve an examination of the nature of that knowledge. |
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| an open, second-order question about how knowledge is constructed and evaluated. They are meant to have many plausible answers and are framed in general terms, rather than relating specifically to the subject. |
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| general terms that express different views on how knowledge is sought, constructed, evaluated, etc. |
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The specific details used to support a knowledge claim.
Empirical Evidence is quantitative data and can be examined by our senses.
Depend on the area, evidence can take other forms. |
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An explanation of how the evidence and reasons support a claim.
Justification of evidence can take many forms:
If asked how you know something, you might reply like this: “Because I was told” (language), “Because I saw it” (sensory perception), “Because it fits the facts” (reason), or “Because it feels right” (emotion or intuition), or “Because my sacred text tells me so” (faith). |
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Perspective means “point of view.”
Each person’s perspective is affected by various factors: age, gender, personality, socioeconomic status, religious background, culture, etc.
Bias is when a person are affected by his own perspective in taking action and decision that it prevents him from acknowledging other perspectives. |
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1. A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises. An argument being valid doesn't make it factually true. .
2. We can also talk about validity in terms of measurement. A valid test is one which actually does measure what you want it to. |
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| A reliable claim is one which is consistently justifiable and can be depend upon for justification. |
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| Authority and Credibility |
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Which sources should we take as credible? Is an anonymous source ever credible? Does a Ph.D. guarantee credibility? What role does reputation play? How do we respond when authoritative sources disagree? Some disciplines establish credibility through the peer-review process for publishing.
Which authorities provide the most reliable information? |
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A paradigm is multiple aspects exist on how the world is viewed, which can influence our beliefs, attitude toward others and action.
Example being: political (liberalism vs. conservatism), economic (capitalism vs. socialism), spiritual (Christian vs. atheist), etc. |
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| Communication systems of signs which is agreed on meanings according to a set of rules for the purposes of communication, formulation of ideas, storage of knowledge or as a medium of thought. |
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The process by which we can gain knowledge about the outside world.
Our five basic senses include sight, touch, smell, taste and hearing.
Many now argue that there are others such as a sense of heat, sense of pain, sense of movement, sense of balance and the senses of hunger and thirst, or a sense of where our body parts are. |
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Some emotions are the products of natural processes with physiological causes and effects and therefore universal which can be experienced across all cultures.
Some emotions depend on a social consciousness, and have no natural basis at all. |
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It is closely linked to logic in the process of deducing the valid conclusions from given starting points or premises.
Each areas of knowledge might have their own requirements for the types of reasoning that are accepted. |
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The capacity to form a mental representation or image of something without the physical stimulus of sense experience.
Imagination is also the key to being creative and solving problems. |
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| refer specifically to religious faith, but can also be used as a sense of trust without physical of all evidence. |
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A immediate cognition, or knowledge which is immediately evident without prior inference, evidence or justification.
The way in which we just know something. |
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How we retain information from past events and experiences
Most of what we think we know, we remember. However, memory can be unreliable. |
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