Libido

1. Freudian approach to refer to sexual energy.  Understood as a source of motivation that encompasses sexual energy but goes beyond it.  Goal of gaining pleasure and avoiding pain. 

2. The emotional energy or urges behind sex drive; my sexual desires.

3. My libido during my adolescent stage was more active, since sexual urges consumed by daily life.  Today, my libido (sexual urges/desire) energy is less frequent, but I continue to have desires.  Important for stress relief and maintaining healthy relationships. 

Life Instincts 

1.  Freudian approach to refer to sexual energy.  Previously known as libido.  Freud later broadened libido to include the energy of the life instincts.  ***** also see Libido (flash card). 

2. Serves survival of the individual as well as the human race.

3.  Look at Libido flash-card

Phenomenological

1.  Adlerian attempt to view the world from the client's subjective frame of reference.  Way people perceive their world, referred as "subjective reality."

2. How clients view their world, not reality based; but how they see environment. 

3. Being homeless at an early age, in my mind I did not consider myself homeless 

Individual Psychology

1.   Alder's theoretical approach, wanted to avoid Freud's reductionist divisions such as ego, id, and superego.  Meaning invisible psychology, emphasizing the unity and indivisibility of the person and stressed understanding the whole person in context to their life.

2. The drive to overcome feelings of inferiority by compensation and the need to achieve personal goals that have value for society. 

3. 

Inferiority Feeling

1.  Rather than being considered a sign of weakness or abnormality, can be the wellspring of creativity.  Motivate us to strive for mastery, success and completion. 

2. Motivation to achieve, becoming better.  Not to be viewed as a failure.  Can be the motivator to develop creativity. 

Holistic Concept

1.  We cannot be understood in parts; rather, all aspects of ourselves must be understood in relationship to the socially embedded contexts  of family, culture, school, and work. 

2.

Fictional Finalism

1.  Refer to an imagined life goal that guides a person's behavior.  Adler stopped using the term and replaced with "guiding self-ideal."

Lifestyle

1.  Our perceptions regarding self, others, and the world, includes the connecting themes and rules of interaction that give meaning to our actions.  The characteristic way we think, act, feel, perceive, and live. 

Social Interest

1.  the action line of one's community feeling, and it involves being as concerned about others as one is about oneself.  Capacity to cooperate and contribute to something bigger than oneself. 

Community Feeling

1.  embodies the feeling of being connected to all of humanity-past, present, and future-and to being involved in making the world a better place.  The need to belong, manifesting in courage, empathy, caring, compassion, engagement, and cooperation. 

Birth Order

1.  Not a deterministic concept but does increase an individual's probability of having a certain set of experiences.  Actual birth order is less important than the individual's interpretation, or the psychological position of the child's place in the family.

Family Constellation

1.  Includes parents, siblings, and others living in the home, life tasks, and early recollections.  Counselor's gathering information about the client's style of living by questioning the client's family constellation. 

Early Recollections

1.  Stories of events that a person says occurred before the age of 10.  Specific incidents that clients recall, along with the feelings and thoughts that accompanied these childhood incidents. 

Lifestyle Assessment

1.  Involves learning to understand the goals and motivations of the client. When the process is completed, the therapist and the client have targets for therapy. 

Private Logic

1.  Client explores the concepts about self, others, and life that constitutes the philosophy on which an individual's lifestyle is based.  Involves our convictions and beliefs that get in the way of social interest and that do not facilitate useful, constructive belonging.   

Adlerian Brief Therapy

1.  Counseling structured around 4 central objectives that correspond to the 4 phases of the therapeutic process. 1. Establishing the proper therapeutic relationship. 2. Explore the psychological dynamics operating in the client. 3. Encourage the development of self-understanding. 4. Help the client make new choices. 

Subjective Interview

1.  The counselor helps the client tell his or her story as completely as  possible.  Facilitated by a generous use of empathic listening and responding. 

Objective Interview

1.  Seeks to discover information about (a) how problems in the client's life began; (b) any participating events; (c) a medical history, including current and past medication; (d) a social history; (e) the reasons the client chose therapy at this time; (f) the person's coping with life tasks; and (g) a lifestyle assessment. 

Interpretation

1. deals with clients' underlying motives for behaving the way they do in the here and now.  Adlerian disclosures and interpretations are concerned with creating awareness of one's direction in life. 

Reorientation

1.  involves shifting rules of interaction, process, and motivation.  These shifts are facilitated through changes in awareness, which often occur during the therapy session and which are transformed into action outside of the therapy office. 

Encouragement

1.  literally means "to build courage." Encouragement is a process of increasing the courage needed for a person to face difficulties in life. 

Collective

Unconsciousness

1.  The deepest and least accessible level of the psyche, which contains the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman  species.

Archetypes

1. Are images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious. 

2. Unconscious pictures from our experiences that have been collected. 

Persona

1. A mask, a public face, that we wear to protect ourselves.

Animus and Anima

1. Represents both the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity, which are both to coexist in both sexes.

2. Elements (bio. & psych.) from both sexes, which we possess.

Object-Relations Theory

1. Encompasses the work of a number of rather different psychoanalytic theories who are especially concerned with investigating attachment and separation.   

Self Psychology

1. Emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationship (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.

Relational Model

1. Based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist. 

Narcissistic Personality

1. exaggerated sense of self-importance and on exploitive attitudes towards others, which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.   

Borderline

Personality

Disorder

1. People are characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mod shifts.  They typically experience extended periods of disillusionment, punctuated by occasional euphoria.  Kernberg describes the syndrome as including a lack of clear identity, a lack of deep understanding of other people, poor impulses control, and the inability to tolerate anxiety. 

Brief

Psychodynamic

Therapy

1. A promising approach.  A brief therapy session (10-25).  BPT uses key psychodynamic concepts such as the enduring impact of psychosexual, psychosocial, and object-relational stages of developmental, the existence of unconsciousness process and resistance; the usefulness of interpretation; the importance of the working alliance; and the reenactment of the client's past emotional issues in relation to the therapist. 

Existential Analysis

1) Emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence. 

Life-Changing psychotherapy 

1) Which is the effort to help clients examine how they have answered life's existential questions and to invite them  to revise their answers so they can live more authentically.

Existential Tradition 

1) Seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and the and the possibilities and opportunities of human life on the other hand.  It grew out of a desire to help people engage the dilemmas of contemporary life, such as isolation, alienation, and meaningless. The current focus of the existential approach is on the individual's experience of being in the world alone and facing the anxiety of this isolation.

Inauthenticity

1) A central existential concept is that although we long for freedom we often long for freedom we often try to escape from our freedom by defining ourselves as a fixed or static entity. Of not accepting personal responsibility.

Freedom

1) Implies that we are responsible for our lives, for our actions, and for our failures to take action. From Sartre's perspective, people are condemned from freedom.

Existential Guilt

1) Is being aware of having evaded commitment, or having chosen not to choose. This guilt is a condition that grows out of a sense of incompetence, or a realization that we are not what we have become. Guilt may be a sign that we have failed to rise to the challenge of our anxiety and that we have tried to evade it by not doing what we know is possible for us to do. 

Authenticity

1) Implies that we are living by being true to our own evaluation of what is valued existence for ourselves; it is the courage to be who we are.

Existential Neurosis

1) Frankl's He viewed E/N as the experience of meaningless.  When the world we live in seems meaningless, we may wonder whether it is worth it to continue struggling or even living. Faced with the struggle of mortality. 

Existential Vacuum

1) meaningless in life, which condition is often experienced when people do not bust themselves with routine or with work.  because there is no preordained design for living, people are faced with the task of creating their own meaning.  At times people who feel trapped by their emptiness of life withdrawn from the struggles of creating a life with purpose

Existential Anxiety

1) Is the unavoidable results of being confronted with the "givens of existence"-death, freedom, choice, isolation, and meaningless.  E/A arises as we recognize the realities of our mortality, our confrontation with pain and suffering, our need to struggle for survival, and our basic fallibility.

Normal Anxiety

1) It's an appropriate response to an event being faced.  Accepting freedom and the responsibility for making decisions and life choices, searching for meaning, and facing mortality can be frightening. 

Neurotic Anxiety

1) Failure to move through anxiety results in N/A which is about concrete things that is out of proportion to the situation. N/A is typically out of awareness, and it tends to immobilize the person. Being psychologically healthy entails living with as little N/A as possible, while accepting and struggling with the unavoidable Existential Anxiety that is a part of living. 

Restricted Anxiety

1) These clients have a limited awareness of themselves and are often vague about the nature of their problems.  They may see few, if any options for dealing with life situations, and they tend to feel trapped, helpless, and stuck. 

Field

1) A dynamic system of interrelationship. Self acceptance, knowledge of the environment, responsibility for choices, and the ability to make contact with their field and the people in it are important awareness processes and goals, all of which are based on a here-and-now experiencing that is always changing, Clients are expected to do their own seeing, feeling, sensing, and interpreting, as opposed to waiting passively for the therapist to provide them with the insights and answers. 

Contemporary Relational

Gestalt Therapy

1) Stresses dialogue and the I/thou relationship between client and therapist. Therapist emphasize the therapeutic relationship and work collaboratively w/ clients in a search for understanding.

Paradoxical Theory

Of Change.

1) Fritz's friend of Arnie Beisser suggested that authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not. Beisser called this simple tenet P/T/O/C. We are constantly moving between who we "should be" and who we "are". Gestalt therapist ask clients to invest themselves fully in their current condition rather than striving to become who they should be. Gestalt therapist, believe people change and grow when they experience who they really are in the world.   

Field Theory

1) Gestalt therapy is based on F/T, which simply put, asserts that the organism must be seen in its environment, or in its context, as part of the constantly changing field.  Gestalt therapist paid attention to and explored what's going on between the person and the environment. 

Figure

1) those aspects of the individual's experience that are most salient at any moment. 

Ground

1) those aspects of the client's presentation that are often out of his/her awareness. 

Figure-Formation

Process

1) Derived from the study of visual perception by a group if Gestalt psychologist F/F/P tracks how the individual organizes experience from moment to moment as some aspects of the environmental field emerges from the background and becomes the focal point of the individual's attention and interest.

Introjection

1) Is the tendency to uncritically accept others' belief s and standard without assimilating them to them congruent with who we are. These I/ remain alien to us cause it hasn't been analyzed and restructured. When we I/ we passively incorporate what the environment provides rather clearly identifying what we want or need. If we remain in this stage, our energy is bound up in taking things as we find them and believing that authorities know what is best for us rather than working for things ourselves. 

Projection

1) Is the reverse of Introjection. In P/ we disown certain aspects of ourselves by assigning them to the environment. Those attributes of our personality that are inconsistent with our self image are disowned and put onto, assigned to, and seen in the other people; thus blaming others for lots of our problems. By doing this we don't take responsibility of our own feelings and the person who we r, this keeps us powerless to initiate change.  People that use P/ as a pattern tend to feel that they are victims of the circumstances & believe that people have hidden meanings behind what they say.

Retroflection

1) Consist of turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone else to do to or for us. Usually an interruption of the action phase in the cycle of experience and typically involves a fair amount of anxiety. They usually tend to inhibit themselves from taking action into out of fear of embarrassment, guilt, and resentment.

Deflection

1) Is the process od distraction or venting off, so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact. We tend to diffuse or defuse contact through over use of humor, abstract generalization, and questions rather than statements. When we deflect, we speak through and for others, beating around the bush rather than being direct & engaging the environment in an inconsistent & inconsequential basis, which results in emotional depletion. 

Confluence

1) Involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment. As we strive to blend in and get along with everyone, there's no clear demarcation between internal experience and outer (reality) C/ in relationship involves the absence of conflicts, slowness, to anger, and a belief that all parties experience the same feelings & thoughts we do. This involves clients that highly needs 2 b accepted & liked, though finding enmeshment comfortable. This condition makes genuine contact extremely difficult. Therapist may assist clients by asking What R U doing now? What R U experiencing at the moment? What do U want right now?

Phenomenological

Inquiry

1) Involves paying attention to what is occurring now. Most people could stay in the present 4 only a short time & R inclined 2 find ways of interrupting the flow of the present. Instead of experiencing their feelings in the here & now clients often talk about their feelings almost as if their feelings R detached presently. 1 aim of Gestalt therapy is 2 make clients aware of their present experience. Therapist usually ask "what" & "how" Q's, rarely ask "why" Q's  Usually therapist ask Q's like What is happening now? What's going on now? What is your awareness at the moment?

Unfinished Business

1) When figures emerge from the background, but R not completed & resolved Individual R left w/ U/B which can be manifest in unexpressed feeling such as resentment, rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, grief, guilt, & abandonment.

Impasse

1) Or struck point, occurs when external support isn't available or the customary way of being doesn't work.  Therapist task is 2 accompany clients in experiencing the I/ w/o rescuing or frustrating them. Counselor usually assist client w/ situation that client get's stuck. By completing I/ clients R able 2 contact w/ their frustration & accept whatever is rather than wishing they were different. 

Dialogue

1) The general orientation of Gestalt therapy is towards D/ an engagement between people who each bring their unique experiences to the meeting.

Exercises

1) R ready-made techniques that R sometimes used 2 make something happen in a therapy session or to achieve a goal. They can B catalysts 4 individual work or 4 promoting interaction among members of a therapy group. 

Experiments

1) In contrast, grow out of the interaction between client & therapist,  & they emerge w/I this dialogic process. They can be considered the very cornerstone of experimental learning. 

Confrontation

1) In Gestalt therapy C/ is set up in a way that invites clients to examine their behavior, attitudes, and thoughts. Therapist can encourage clients 2 look @ certain incongruities, especially gaps between their verbal @ nonverbal expressions. Further C/ doesn't have 2 B aimed @ weakness or negative traits, clients can B challenged 2 recognize how they R blocking their strengths.

The Empty Chair

1) Is a vehicle for the technique of role reversal, which is useful in bringing into consciousness the fantasy of what the "other" might be thinking or feeling. This technique in which all the parts are played by the client. In this way the introjects can surface, & the client can experience the conflict more fully. There's many applications for this technique. 1 of the more important uses explore what another person in one's social network might B feeling, & what that person's more realistic predicament may B. 

Person-Centered

Expressive Arts Therapy

1) Employs a variety of forms-movement, painting, sculpting, music, writing, and improvisation-in a supportive setting to facilitate growth and heeling. This helps individuals to access their feelings through creative expressions. 

Creative Connection

1) A process whereby the client or group member is invited to access inner feelings through an uninterrupted sequence of movement, sound, visual arts, & journey writing.   

Actualizing Tendency

1) A direct process of striving towards realization fulfillment, autonomy, and self determination. This natural inclination of humans is based on Manslow's studies of -self-actualizing people, and it is a significant implications for the practice of therapy. 

Emotional-Focus Therapy

(EFT)

1) Emerges as a person-centered "approach informed by informed by understanding the role of emotion in human functioning and psychotherapeutic change". EFT is designed to help clients increase their awareness of their emotions and productive use of them.  

Therapeutic Core Conditions

1) Exist over some period of time, constructive personality change will occur. The core condition don't vary according to client type. Further, they are both necessary and sufficient for therapeutic change to occur.   

Unconditional Positive

Regard

1) The 2nd attitude therapist need to communicate is deep caring for the client as a person. U/P/R can be best achieved through empathetic identification w/ the client. The caring is nonpossessive and is not contaminated by evaluation or judgment of the client's feeling, thoughts, and behavior as good or bad.

Empathy

1) Is a deep and subjective understanding of the client with the client. E/ is not sympathy, or sorry for the client.

Accurate Empathetic

Understanding

1) Implies that the therapist will sense client's feelings as if they were his/her own without becoming lost in those feelings. It is a way for the therapist to hear the meaning expressed by their client's experience.

Presence

1) Being completely attentive to and immersed in the client as well as in the client's expressed concerns. Quality and skills such as listening, accepting, respecting, understanding, and responding must be honest expressions by the therapist.

Immediacy

1) Or addressing what is going on between the client and the therapist, and therapist, is highly valued in this approach. This developmental encourages the use of a wider variety of methods and allows for considerable diversity in personal style among person-centered therapist.

Expressive Arts Therapy

1) extends the person-centered approach to spontaneous creative expression, which symbolizes deep and sometime inaccessible feelings and emotional states. 

Motivational Interviewing

1) Is a humanistic, client-centered, psychosocial, and modestly directive counseling approach.

Death Instincts

1) Which accounts for the aggressive drive. At times, people manifest through their behavior an unconscious wish to die or to hurt themselves or others. Managing these aggressive drive is a major challenge to the human race.  

Id

1) Is roughly all the untamed drives, or impulses that might be linked to the biological component. Is the original system of personality; at birth a person is all id. It is illogical, amoral & driven to satisfy instinctual needs. The id never matures, remaining the spoiled brat of personality. It is largely unconscious, or out of aware.

Ego

1) Attempts to organize and mediate between the id and the realities of dangers posed by the id's impulses. It has contact w/ the external world of reality. It is the "Executive" that governs, controls, and regulates the personality. As a "traffic cop" it mediates between the instincts and the surrounding environment. The ego controls consciousness & exercises censorship. 

Superego

1) Which is the internalized social component, largely rooted in what the person imagines to be the expectations of parental figures

Pleasure Principle

1) Which is aimed at reducing tension, avoiding pain, and gaining pleasure

Reality Principle

1) In Freudian psychology and psychoanalysis, the reality principle (German: Realitätsprinzip) is the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly,[1] as opposed to acting on the pleasure principle.

Unconsciousness

1) Stores all experiences, memories, and repressed material. Needs and motivation that are inaccessible-that is, out of awareness-are also outside the sphere of conscious control.

Anxiety

1) Is a feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desire, and experiences that emerge to the surface of awareness. It can be considered as a state of tension that motivates us to do something. It developed out of conflict among the id, ego, and the superego over control of the available psychic energy. The function of anxiety is to warn of impending danger.

2. A feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experience that emerge to the surface of awareness

Reality anxiety

1) Is the fear of danger from the external world, and the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.

Neurotic Anxiety

1) Is the fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause the person to do something for which he/she will be punished. Neurotic and moral anxiety are evoked by threats to the "balance of power" W/I the person. They signal the ego that unless appropriate measures are taken the danger may increase until the ego is overthrown.  

Moral Anxiety

1) Is the fear of one's own consciousness. Neurotic and moral anxiety are evoked by threats to the "balance of power" W/I the person. They signal the ego that unless appropriate measures are taken the danger may increase until the ego is overthrown.  

Ego Defense Mechanism

1) Helps the individual cope w/ anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed. Rather than being pathological, E/D/M are normal behaviors that can have adaptive value provided they don't become a style of life that enables the individual to avoid facing reality. The defenses depends on the individual's level of development and the degree of anxiety. Ego defense mechanism have two characteristic in common. 1) they either deny or distort reality 2) they operate on a unconscious level.

Psychosexual Stages

1) Refer to the Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy.

Oral Stage

1) Which deals w/ the inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in the fear of loving and forming close relationships and low self esteem. 

Anal Stage

1) Deals w/ the inability to recognize and express anger, leading to the denial of one's own power as  a person and a sense of autonomy.

2. The second stage of psychosexual development, when pleasure is derived from retaining and expelling power.

Phallic Stage

1) Which deals w/ the inability to fully accept one's sexuality and sexual feelings, and also to difficulty in accepting oneself as a man or woman.  

Psychosocial Stages

1) Refer to Erikson's basic psychological and social tasks, which individuals needs to master at intervals from infancy to old age.  

 Crisis

1) According to Erikson C/ is equivalent to a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or to regress. At these turning points, we can either resolve our conflicts or fail to master the developmental task. To a large extent, our life is the result of the choices we make at each of these stages.

Classical Psychoanalysis

1) Is grounded on id psychology and it holds that instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are the basic factor shaping personality development (both normal and abnormal).

Contemporary Psychoanalysis

1) Tends to be

Ego Psychology

1) Which does not deny the role of intrapsychic conflicts but emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout the human life span.  

"Blank-Screen" Approach

1) In classical psychoanalysis, analyst typically assume an anonymous nonjudgmental stance, which is sometimes called the B?S/A.

Transference Relationship

1) The client makes projections onto them. it is the cornerstone of psychoanalysis and "refers to the transfer of feeling originally experienced in an early relationship to others important people in a person's present environment.

Classical Psychoanalysis

1) Clients must be willing to commit themselves to a long-term therapy process. After some face-to-face w/ the analysis.    

Free Association

1) The client lie on a couch and engage in F/A and they try to say whatever comes to their mind w/o self-censorship. Know as a "fundamental rule". Clients report their feelings, experiences, associations, memories, and fantasies to the analyst. Lying on the couch encourages deep, uncensored reflection and reduces the stimuli. that might interfere w/ getting in touch w/ internal conflicts and productions. It also reduces the ability of client's to "read" their analyst face for reactions, which fosters the projections characteristics of a transference.   

Psychodynamic Therapy

1) A way to simplify and shortening the lengthy process of classical psychoanalysis.

Transference

1) The client's unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings, attitudes, ands fantasies (both positive & negative) that are reactions to significant others in the past. T/ involves the unconscious repletion of the past in the present. "It reflects the deep patterning of old experiences in relationships as they emerge in current life".

Working-Through

1) A process consisting of repetitive and elaborate exploration of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood. Clients learn to accept their defensive structures & recognize how they may have served a purpose in the past.  This results in a resolution of old patterns and enables clients to make new choices. 

countertransference

1) Traditional psychoanalytic perspective, which is viewed as a phenomenon that occurs when there's inappropriate effect, when therapist respond in irrational ways, or when they lose their objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered. C/ consist of a therapist's unconscious emotional responses to a client based on the therapist's own past, resulting in a distorted perception of the client's behavior.

Maintaining the Analytic Framework

1) Refers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors, such as the analyst's relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality & objectivity, the regularity & consistency of meeting, starting & ending a session on time, clarity on fees, & basic boundaries issues such as the avoidance of advise giving or imposition of the therapist values. 

Free Association  

1) Clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how painful, silly, trivial, illogical, or irrelevant it may seem. In essence, clients try to flow w/ any feelings or thoughts by reporting them immediately w/o censorship.

Interpretation

1) Consist of the analyst's pointing out, explaining, & even teaching the client the meanings of behavior that is manifested in dreams, free association, resistances, defenses,  the therapeutic relationship itself. The function of I/ are to enable the ego to assimilate new material  and to speed up the process of uncovering further unconsciousness material. It is grounded in the therapist assessment or the client's personality & of the factors in the client's past that contributed to his/her difficulties.

Dream analysis

1) It's an important procedure for uncovering unconscious material  giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems. During sleep defenses are lowered & repressed feelings surface. Freud sees dream as the "royal road to the unconscious," for in them one's unconscious wishes, needs,  fears are expressed.

Latent Content

1) One of two levels of dreams, L/C consist of hidden, symbolic, & unconscious motives, wishes, and fears, because they are so painful and threatening. The unconscious sexual & aggressive impulses that make up the L/C are transformed into the more acceptable.

Manifest Content

1) Second M/C which is the dream as it appears to the dreamer.

Dream Work

1) The process by which the Latent Content of a dream is transformed into a less threatening manifest content is called D/W.

Resistance

1) A concept fundamental to the practice of psychoanalysis, is anything that works against the process of therapy & prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material. Specifically R/ is the clients reluctance to bring to the surface of awareness unconscious material that has been repressed. R/ refers to any idea, attitude, feelings, or action (conscious or unconscious) that fosters the status quo & gets in the way of change. 

Analytical Psychology

1) Is an elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion.

2.  Human nature combining elements form other fields such as those mentioned above. 

3. 

Individuation

1) Achieving I/ the harmonious integration of the conscious & unconscious aspects of personality is an innate & primary goal.

Shadow

1) We have both constructive & destructive forces, & to become integrated, it is essential to accept our dark side, or S/, with its primitive impulses such as the selfishness & greed.

Collective Unconscious

1) "The deepest & least accessible level of the psyche," which contains the accumulation of inherited experiences of human  prehumen species. Jung saw a connection between each person's personality & the past, not only in childhood events but also the history of the species, meaning that some dreams may deal may deal w/ an individual relationship to a larger whole such as the family, universal humanities, or generation over time.

Archetypes

1) The images of of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious are called A/. Among the most important are the persona, the anima and animus, and the shadow.

Persona

1) Is a mask, or public face, that we wear to protect ourselves.

Animus &  Anima

1) Represent both the biological and psychological aspects of masculinity & femininity, which are thoughts to coexist in both sexes.

Shadow

1) The S/ has the deepest roots & is the most dangerous & powerful of the archetypes. It represents our dark side, thoughts feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward.  

Ego Psychology

1) Is part of classical psychoanalysis w/ the emphasis placed on the vocabulary of id, ego, and superego, and on Anna Freud's identification of defenses mechanism.

Object-Relations Theory

1) encompasses the work of a number of rather different psychoanalytic theorist who are especially concerned w/ investigating attachment & separation. Their emphasize is how our relationships w/ other people are effected by the way we have internalized our experiences of others & set up representations others W/I ourselves.  O/R/T are interpersonal relationships as these are represented intrapsychically, and as they influence our interactions w/ the people around us.

Self Psychology

1) Emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.

Relational Model

1) Is based on the assumption that therapy is an interactive process between client and therapist. Whether called intersubjective\, interpersonal, or relational, a number of contemporary psychoanalytic approaches are based on the exploration of the complex conscious and unconscious dynamics at play w/ respect to both therapist & client.

Narcissistic Personality

1) Is characterized by a glandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitive attitude towards others, which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept. Such individuals seek  attention and admiration from others. They unrealistically exaggerate their accomplishments, and they have a tendency towards extreme self-absorption. Kernberg characterizes narcissistic people are focusing on themselves in their interactions w/ others, having a great need to be admired, possessing shallow effects, and being exploitive and, at times parasitic in theor relationship w/ others. Kohut characterizes such people as perceiving threats to their self-esteem and as having feelings of emptiness and deadness. 

Borderline Personality Disorder

1) Have moved onto the separation process but have been thwarted by parental rejection of their individuation. In other words, a crises ensues when the child does develop beyond the stage of symbiosis, but the parents are unable to tolerate this beginning individuation and withdraw emotional support. Borderline people are characterized by instability, irritability, self-destructive acts, impulsive anger, and extreme mood shifts. They typically experience extended periods of disillusionment, punctuated by occasional euphoria. Kernberg describes the syndrome as including a lack of clear identity, a lack of deep understanding of other people, poor impulses control, and the inability to tolerate anxiety.   

Brief Psychodynamic Therapy

(BPT)

1) Described as a promising approach. This adaptation applies the principles of psychodynamic theory and therapy to treating selective disorders within a pre-established time limit of, generally, 10 to 25 sessions. B/P/T uses key psychodynamic concepts such as the enduring impact of psychosexual, psychosocial, and object-relational stages of development; the existence of unconsciousness processes and resistance; the usefulness of interpretation; the importance of the working alliance; the reenactment of the client's past emotional issues in relation to the therapist.  

 Behavior Therapy

1) Practitioners focus on directly observable behavior, current determinants of behavior, learning experiences that promote change, tailoring treatment strategies to individual clients, & rigorous assessment & evaluation. B/T has been used to treat many different psychological disorders.

2) Clinicians looks at how a client is behaving and promotes awareness.

3) In today's Behavior therapy, the clinician did not fully focus of certain behavior traits.

Classical Conditioning

1) C/C refers to what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing.

2) A learning process by which a subject comes to respond in a specific way to a previously neutral stimulus after the subject repeatedly encounters the neutral stimulus together with another stimulus that already elicits the response.

3) A learning process that results in different outcome, in which it has been practiced differently previously.

 Operant Conditioning

1) Involves a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them.  

2) is a type of learning in which a behavior is strengthened (meaning, it will occur more frequently) when it's followed by reinforcement, and weakened (will happen less frequently) when followed by punishment.

3) Children are tough early in life, by parents utilizing O/C. 

 The Social Learning Approach

1) Is interactional, interdisciplinary, & multimodal. Involves a triadic reciprocal interaction among the environment, personal factors (beliefs, preferences, expectations, self perceptions, & interpretations) & individual behavior.

2) is a psychological perspective that states that all social behavior is learned, reinforced and modeled by the observation of others’ actions and the rewards/punishments following those actions.

3) People in general live life according to T/S/L/A.

 Cognitive Behavior Therapy

(CBT)

1) Represents the mainstream of contemporary behavior therapy & is a popular theoretical orientation among psychologists. C/B/T operates on the assumption that what people believe influences how they act and feel.

2) is a type of psychotherapy which has become a crucial part of psychology. While it was originally formulated as a treatment for depression, it is now involved in the treatment of many different disorders

3) CBT is utilized often now among the health and human services field as it is effective. 

 Functional Assessment or

Behavior Analysis

1) A throughout process to identify the maintaining conditions by systematically gater information about situational antecedents a), the dimension of the problem behavior B), and the consequences C) of the problem. This is known as the ABC model, & the of a functional assessment of a client's behavior suggest that behavior B) is influenced by some particular events that preceded it, called antecedents (A)  and by certain events that follow it, called consequences (C).

2) A functional assessment is an approach to figuring out why your child acts a certain way. It uses a variety of techniques to understand what’s behind inappropriate behaviors. This includes looking at non-academic factors that might be contributing to your child’s frustration with learning.

3) It is a process that explains the way a person is acting and explaining his/her behavior.

 Antecedent Events

1) Cue or elicit a certain behavior.

2) To do something new to change an unwanted daily process.

3) This client was not aware of A/E which will improve his/her life for the better.

 Consequences

1) Are events that maintain a behavior in some way, either by increasing or decreasing it.

2) Consequences are different from Punishments because consequences teach children to learn from their mistakes rather than making them suffer for their mistake. Consequences guide a child’s behavior and help children learn about the results of their behavior.  When used correctly, consequences encourage good behavior and help to keep the lines of communication open between a parent and child. Consequences are done in a calm tone of voice, with a friendly attitude, and with the focus on teaching.  Consequences do not always have to be aversive.  A parent can give a child an enjoyable consequence.

3) C/ are mainly viewed as a negative outcome for bad behavior. Mainly used in children.  I had to take away Jose's candy because he started yelling at strangers in public.

 Behavior Assessment Interview

1) A task a therapist utilize to identify the particular antecedent  consequent events that influence, or are functionally related to, an individual's behavior (Cormier, Nurius, & Osborn, 2013).

2) Psychological assessment is a process of testing that uses a combination of techniques to help arrive at some hypotheses about a person and their behavior, personality and capabilities. Psychological assessment is also referred to as psychological testing, or performing a psychological battery on a person. Psychological testing is nearly always performed by a licensed psychologist, or a psychology trainee (such as an intern). Psychologists are the only profession that is expertly trained to perform and interpret psychological tests. Psychological assessment should never be performed in a vacuum. A part of a thorough assessment of an individual is that they also undergo a full medical examination, to rule out the possibilities of a medical, disease or organic cause for the individual’s symptoms. It’s often helpful to have this done first, before psychological testing (as it may make psychological testing moot.

3) Every Health and Human Service professional should perform a B/A/I on every person served in order for the person to progress correctly. 

 Positive Reinforcement

1) P/R involves the addition of something of value to the individual as a consequence of certain behavior.

2) Positive reinforcement is the addition of a reward following a desired behavior with the purpose of increasing the likelihood the behavior will occur again. It was first described by B.F. Skinner in his theory of operant conditioning.

3) P/R is always fun to reward Jose on all his accomplishments. 

  Negative Reinforcement

1) Involves the escape from or the avoidance of aversive (unpleasant) stimuli. The individual is motivated to exhibit a desired behavior to avoid the unpleasant condition.

2) Negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening. A negative reinforce is a stimulus event for which an organism will work in order to terminate, to escape from, to postpone its occurrence.

3) N/R is always a positive outcome for almost all of clients being served. 

 Extinction

1) It is another operant method of changing behavior. E/ which refers to withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response. In applied settings, extinction can be used for behavior that have been maintained by positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement.

2) Refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. In other words, conditioned behavior eventually stops. For example, imagine that you taught your dog to shake hands.

3) E/ is a positive motive for our cliental. 

 Punishment

1) A form of controlling behavior, sometimes referred to as aversive control, in which the consequences of a certain behavior results in a decrease of that behavior.  

2) is any change in a human or animal's surroundings that occurs after a given behavior or response which reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. As with reinforcement, it is the behavior, not the animal, that is punished.

3) My baby Stella will never need to be punished as she is simply an angel. 

 Positive Punishment

1) P/P is an aversive stimulus is added after the behavior to decreased the frequency of a behavior. (such as deducting money from a child for misbehavior.

2) Positive punishments work to decrease the likelihood of a undesirable behavior reoccurring by adding an unfavorable consequence.

3) Stella would definitely never need P/P. 

 Negative Punishment

1) Is a reinforcing stimulus is removed following the behavior to decrease the frequency of a target behavior.

2) Punishment is an important concept used in the theory of Operant conditioning, whose main goal is to decrease the rate of certain undesired behavior from occurring again.

3') Jose, John, and Stella will never need Negative Punishment as they are all sweet angels from earth. 

 Progressive Muscle Relaxation

1) A popular model teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living. It is aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and is easily learned. After clients learn this process it is important for him/her to practice daily to obtain maximum results.

2) (PMR) is a non-pharmacological method of deep muscle relaxation, based on the premise that muscle tension is the body’s psychological response to anxiety-provoking thoughts and that muscle relaxation blocks anxiety.

3) Every client should practice this method since it sounds as it is quite a positive outcome. 

 Systematic Desensitization

1) It is based on the principles of classical conditioning, is a basic behavior procedure. Clients imagine successively more anxiety-arousing situations at the same time that they engage in a behavior that competes with anxiety. Gradually or systematically, clients become less sensitive (desensitized) to the anxiety-arousing situation. This procedure con be considered a form of exposure therapy. 
2) psyche a treatment of phobias in which the patient while relaxed is exposed, often only in imagination, to progressively more frightening aspects of the phobia.

2)  psyche a treatment of phobias in which the patient while relaxed is exposed, often only in imagination, to progressively more frightening aspects of the phobia.

3) I would love to accomplish this method with all my clients in the future. 

 Exposure Therapies

1) Are designed to treat fears and other negative emotional responses by introducing clients, under carefully controlled conditions, to the situation that contributed to such problems.

2) is a specific type of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy technique that is often used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and phobias.

3) E/T should only be done a licensed professional.

 In Vivo Flooding

1) Consist of intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli. Remaining exposed to feared stimuli for a prolonged period w/o engaging in any anxiety-reducing behavior allows the anxiety to decrease to decrease on it's own.

2) Flooding is a form of behavior therapy used to treat people with fears or phobias. In flooding, the person with the fears is exposed to the thing that frightens them for a sustained period of time. The idea behind it is that, by exposing you to your fear, you will eventually see it as less fear-producing

3) This would be a method that in the future I would love to master, as it is critically important. 

 Eye Movement Desensitization and

Reprocessing (EMDR)

1) A form of exposure therapy, that entails assessment and preparation, imagine flooding, and cognitive restructuring in he treatment of individual traumatic memories. 

2) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy developed by Francine Shapiro that emphasizes the role of distressing memories in some mental health disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

3) Sometimes I wonder if I should have had this treatment. 

 Social Skills Training

1) Is a broad category that deals with an individual ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations, it is used to help clients develop and achieve skills in interpersonal competence.  Being able to communicate with others in a way that is both appropriate and effective.

2) describes a cognitive-behavioral approach that teaches a range of interpersonal skills and relational behaviors to individuals who have difficulty interacting with others for some reason.

3) I teach all my clients how to utilize their skills in socializing in order for them to move forward in life's experiences. 

 Self Management

1) Strategies include teaching clients how to select realistic goals, how to translate these goals into target behavior, how to create an action plan for change, and ways to self-monitor and evaluate their actions.

2) Self-Management is one of the five social-emotional areas of learning identified by the Collaboration for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL). Self-management refers to the ability of an individual to regulate their emotions and resulting behaviors in ways that society considers acceptable.

3) Every social worker in my agency utilize S/M with every client in order to create next years goals on the clients ACA and IAP. 

 Multimodal Therapy

1) Is a comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy. It is grounded in social cognitive learning theory. It is an open system that that encourages technical eclecticism in that it applies diverse behavioral techniques from a variety of theories to a wide range of problems.

2) Multimodal therapy is based on the idea that the therapist must address these multiple modalities of an individual to identify and treat a mental disorder.

3) I cannot wait to begin the process with my clients utilizing Multimodal therapy, so I may begin really dealing with real issues concerning my clients.

 Mindfulness

1) Is the awareness that emerges through having attention on purpose, in the present moment. Clients train themselves to intentionally focus on their "present experience with acceptance" and develop an attitude of curiosity and compassion towards present experience.

2) Mindfulness is a state of active, open attention on the present. When you're mindful, you observe your thoughts and feelings from a distance, without judging them good or bad. Instead of letting your life pass you by, mindfulness means living in the moment and awakening to experience.

3) My future clients will not use mindfulness which I will make sure they learn this concept, as it is necessary in life's events.

Acceptance

1) Is a process involving receiving one's present experience without judgment or preference, but with curiosity and kindness, and striving for full awareness of the present moment. A/ is an alternative way of responding to our internal experience. By replacing judgment, criticism, and avoidance with acceptance.  

2) Acceptance in human psychology is a person's assent to the reality of a situation, recognizing a process or condition (often a negative or uncomfortable situation) without attempting to change it, protest.

3) For the most part my clients, since they are "high functioning" utilize A/ as they appear to be at their "baseline".

 Self-Compassion

1) It is a form of self-care when facing difficult situations, Mindfulness practices focus on moment-to-moment experiencing and assisting clients in developing n attitude of open awareness and acceptance of what is rather than being self-critical.

2) Self-compassion is the extension of kindness, care, warmth, and understanding (instead of beratement and criticism) toward oneself when faced with shortcomings, inadequacies, or failures.

3) everyone must utilize S/C to live a enriched lifestyle.

 Kindness

1) When we acknowledge our shortcomings without critical judgment, we can begin to treat ourselves with K/.

2) Kindness is the indispensable virtue from which most of the others flow, the wellspring of our happiness. If the definition of love is raising the needs and desires of another to the level of our own, then kindness implies an ability to weigh these needs in every interaction with people.

3) This is a practice that everyone must utilize in life in order to have a fulfilling life, but unfortunately not everyone use such practice. 

 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

(REBT)

1) Was one of the first cognitive behavior therapies, and today it continues to be a major cognitive behavior approach. Basic assumption that cognition, emotions, and behaviors interact significantly and have a reciprocal cause-and effects relationship. REBT has consistently emphasized on all three of these modalities and their interactions, thus qualifying is as a holistic and integrative approach.

2) is a form of therapeutic psychology that emerges from behaviorism. It attempts to use reason and rationality to recognize self-defeating cognitive processes, and learn to emote more appropriately.

3) When a client of mine is off their "baseline" (REBT) it is quite obvious to me. 

Homework

1) Clients are encouraged to actively work outside therapy sessions, by carrying out behavior homework assignments., clients become increasingly proficient at minimizing irrational thinking and disturbances in feeling and behaving. Getting clients to carry out productive actions that contribute to emotional and attitudinal change. Assignments are checked later in the sessions and clients continue to focus on learning effective ways to dispute self-defeating thinking. At the end client would be able to review and focus on new tasks.

2) assigned assignments for a client to make progress on the current  issue.

3) Clients are always given H/ on each session t he/she meets with me as it is a process that makes progress to them. 

 Rational Emotive Imagery

(REI)

1) This is a form of intense mental practice designed to establish new emotional patterns in place of disruptive ones by thinking in healthy ways. Clients are asked to vividly imagine of his/her worse thing that may happen to them, and to describe their feelings. Then clients are shown how to develop healthy emotions, and there feelings about change, to change their stance on that situation.

2) is a form of therapeutic psychology that emerges from behaviorism. It attempts to use reason and rationality to recognize self-defeating cognitive processes, and learn to emote more appropriately.

3) I will definitely utilize R/E/I later in my practice as it appears to be quite effective. 

 Shame-attacking Exercises

1) Will reduce, minimize, ad prevent feelings of shame, guilt, anxiety, and depression. Exercise aimed at increasing self-acceptance and mature responsibility, as well as helping clients see that much of what they think of as being shameful has to do with the way they define reality for themselves.

2) Emotional disturbance related to the self is often characterized by feelings of shame, guilt, anxiety, and depression; Ellis developed exercises to help people reduce shame and anxiety over behaving in certain ways.

3) S/A/E is very creative in it's own way, as it should be practiced at least on one session of every therapeutic session. 

 Shame-Attacking Exercises

1) Can reduce, minimize, and prevent feeling of shame, guilt, anxiety, and depression. Exercise are aimed at increasing self-acceptance and mature responsibility as well as helping clients see that much of what they think of as being shameful has to do with the way they define reality for themselves. Client may take the risk of doing something that they are ordinarily afraid to do because of what others think might think.

2) Emotional disturbances related to the self is often characterized by feeling of shame, guilt, anxiety, and depression. Exercise was created to reduce shame, and anxiety over behaving a certain way.

3) S/A/E should be practiced at least in one session in the therapeutic process, as it is a proven process in the progress with each client. 

 Cognitive Therapy

1) Represents the mainstream of contemporary behavior therapy & is a popular theoretical orientation among psychologists. C/B/T operates on the assumption that what people believe influences how they act and feel.

2) a style of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to change the person's thinking from maladaptive to adaptive.

3) C/T is one of my favorite therapy since it is what I do with my clients daily at my employment. 

 Negative Cognitive Triad

1) Negative views of the self (self-criticism), the world (pessimism), and the future (hopelessness). One person believed that N/C/T maintained depression, even though negative thoughts were not the original cause of the episode of depression. 

2)  Refers to three cognitive components, namely one’s view of the world in general, of oneself and of the future. In the case of depression, these views tend to be negative.

3) It appears that mentally illness clients all experience N/C/T, as it appears that their world is quite lonely. 

 Genetic Cognitive Model

1) Beck has proposed an application to describe principles that pertain to all CT applications from depression and anxiety treatments to therapies for a wide variety of other problems including psychosis and substance use. 

2) G/C/M is an easier way to describe clients mental issues.

3) Every new therapist in the field should take a good look at this model as it may assist him/her to have a better understanding of each issue at hand. 

 Collaborative Empiricism

1) A reflective questioning process given to the client the cognitive therapist collaborates with clients in testing the validity of their cognitions. Therapeutic change is the result of clients reevaluating faulty beliefs based on contradictory evidence that they have gathered. 

2) Despite the consensus regarding the importance of collaborative empiricism (CE) in Beck’s cognitive therapy, absent are operational definitions, measures, or empirical investigations of the construct. Existing research has centered on constructs such as the working alliance and has produced inconsistent findings.

3) I always encourage any process therapist and client would work together.  C/E is one of the process that both work together. 

 Thought Records/

Automatic Thoughts

1) As depression begins to lift, the therapist introduces additional skills such as automated thoughts and test them.

2) Additional skills for clients to utilize.

3) I will definitely encourage my co-workers to utilize T/R and A/T.

 Action Plan

1) A plan for a client to solve the problem rather than ruminating on it.

2)  sequence of steps that must be taken, or activities that must be performed well, for a strategy to succeed. An action plan has three major elements (1) Specific tasks: what will be done and by whom. (2) Time horizon: when will it be done. (3) Resource allocation: what specific funds are available for specific activities. Also called action program.

3) Every person should have an action plan in their lives to survive this cruel world. 

 Schema

1) A core belief, as key aspects of the therapeutic process.

2) describes an organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them. It can also be described as a mental structure of preconceived ideas, a framework representing some aspect of the world, or a system of organizing and perceiving new information.

3) I would definitely not like to experience S/ as it seems to be something that the mentally ill appears to experience. 

 Cognitive Behavior Modification

1) Focuses on changing the client's self-talk which affect a person's behavior in much the same way as statements made by another person. Basic promise of C/B/M is that clients, as a prerequisite to behavior change, must notice how they think, feel, and behave and the impact they have on others. For change to occur, clients need to interrupt the scripted nature if their behavior so that they can evaluate their behavior in various situations. 

2) is a style of therapy that focuses on changing behaviors through identifying maladaptive behaviors and finding ways (such as through talk therapy) to change those behaviors.

3) This process will greatly assist most mentally ill person as it has been proven to be quite effective. 

 Stress Inoculation Training

1) A particular application of a coping skill program is teaching clients stress management techniques by way of a strategy known as S/I/T. Procedures that are a psychological and behavioral analog to immunization on a biological level. Individuals are given opportunities to deal with relatively mild stress stimuli in successful ways, and they gradually develop a tolerance for stronger stimuli. This affect is based on he assumption that we can affect our ability to cope with stress by modifying our beliefs and self-statements about our performance in stressful situation.

2) Stress Inoculation Training is a cognitive-behavioral approach providing people with added psychological resilience against the effects of stress through a program of managed successful exposure to stressful situations.

3) I sometimes wonder if I need the therapeutic procedure of S/I/T since it appears to help many different types of humans. 

 Relapse Prevention

1) Consist of procedures for dealing with the inevitable setbacks clients are likely to experience as they apply what they are learning to daily life, is taught at this stage. Learning opportunities clients learn to view rather than "catastrophic failures".

2) Relapse prevention (RP) is a cognitive-behavioral approach to relapse with the goal of identifying and preventing high-risk situations such as substance abuse, obsessive-compulsive behavior, sexual offending, obesity, and depression.

3) R/P is a process in which every addict will experience (unfortunately) it is a way of life.  Us as clinicians must COMPLETELY understand this!

 Choice Theory

1) Is the theoretical basis to reality therapy; it explains why and how we function. posits that we are not born blank slates waiting to be externally motivated by forces in the world around us. Rather, we are born with five genetically encoded needs that drive us all in our lives: Survival, or self preservation, love and belonging; power, or inner control; freedom, or independence; and fun, or enjoyment. Each of us have all five needs, but vary in strength. 

2)  is the primary text for all that is taught. Choice theory states that: that we are driven by our genes to satisfy five basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun.

3) People definitely do VARY  in each five of these stages. 

 Reality Therapy

1) Provides a delivery system for helping individuals take more effective control of their lives. Teaching to clients to make more effective choices in there lives with people that they need in their lives. Which quickly focusses on the unsatisfying relationship or the lack of a relationship.

2) is a particular approach in psychotherapy and counseling. It has primarily been developed by the psychiatrist Dr. William Glasser since the mid-1960's. Reality Therapy is based on a concept called Choice Theory (originally called control theory).

3) Every person should definitely practice this. 

 Quality World

1) It is our personal Shangri-La-the world we would like to live in if we could, based on our wants and needs. The Q/W consist of specific images of people, activities, events, beliefs, possessions, and situations that fulfill our needs. Q/W of our clients and how their behavior is aimed at moving their perception of the external world closer to their inner workd of wants. 

2) An imaginary life.

3) all of us sometimes imagine our own Q/W.

 Picture album

1) Specific wants as well as a precise ways to satisfy the wants of a picture album.  Which gives us better control of our lives. 

2) Our own views of the feel good situations in our lives.

3) Every now and then I would like to escape to my own picture world which is in my quality world. 

 Total Behavior

1) Teaches that all behavior is made up of four inseparable but distinct components, acting/thinking/feeling/and physiology, that necessarily accompany all of our actions, thoughts, and feelings. 

2) a basic characteristic (trait) which pervades one's personality and dominates a person's character. Sometimes referred to as a personal trait that leads to a core value, it tends to guide and govern the total behavior of an individual. First defined by U.S. psychologist Gordon Willard Allport.

3) T/B is the basis that makes up a person either way of the person is screwed up or not. 

 Self-Evaluation

1) Is the cornerstone of reality therapy procedures. "Conducting a searching and fearless self-evaluating is the royal road to behavior change". clients are asked.....

"Does your current behavior have a reasonable chance of getting you what you want now, and will it take you in the direction you want to go?".

2) self-assessment is the process of looking at oneself in order to assess aspects that are important to one's identity. It is one of the motives that drive self-evaluation, along with self-verification and self-enhancement. Self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) theory refers to discrepancies between two people in a relationship. Two people in a relationship each aim to keep themselves feeling good psychologically throughout a comparison process to the other person. Self-evaluation is defined as the way a person views him/herself.

3) Every person need to do this on a daily basis. 

 Feminist Counseling

1) Is built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social, cultural, and political context that contributes to a person's problems in order to understand that person. This perspective has significant implication for the development of counseling theory and for how practitioners intervene with diverse clients populations.

2) is a form of psychology centered on social structures and gender. Feminist psychology critiques historical psychological research as done from a male perspective with the view that males are the norm. Feminist psychology is oriented on the values and principles of feminism.

3) Every male should study and learn this perspective.  As it is highly important especially in today's world. 

 Feminist Psychotherapy

1) Is a philosophical orientation that lends itself to an integration of feminist, multicultural, and social justice concepts with a variety of psychotherapy approaches. A central concept is is the importance of understanding and acknowledging psychological oppression and the constrains imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women, underrepresented, marginalized individuals have been relegated.

2) Feminist psychology is a form of psychology centered on social structures and gender. Feminist psychology critiques historical psychological research as done from a male perspective with the view that males are the norm. Feminist psychology is oriented on the values and principles of feminism.

3) Females should learn this orientation and males should learn a female version on males, to make this world a better and understanding place. 

 Feminist Perspective

1) Offers a unique approach to understanding the roles that women and men with diverse social identities and experiences have been socialized to accept and to bringing this understanding into the therapeutic process.

2) It is a better understanding of both sexes to the human services field. In which one would think these professionals would have a better understanding beyond this.

3) F/P is a approach that every person should take. 

 Gender Fair Approaches

1) Explains differences in the behavior of women and men in the terms of socialization process rather than on the basis of our "innate" natures, thus avoiding dichotomized stereotypes in social roles and interpersonal behavior.

2) A course explaining the difference between both common sexes as far as the way they socialize.

3) I will definitely not need this as it is not a matter that I discriminate against.   

 Flexible-Multicultural Perspective

1) Uses concepts and strategies that apply equally to individuals and groups regardless of age, race, culture, gender, ability, class, or sexual orientation.

2) The Need for a Multicultural Emphasis

Ethnicity: a sense of identity that stems
from common ancestry, history,
nationality, religion, and race.

Racism: Race, ethnicity, nationality, gender, age,
social class, sexual orientation, and
disability.

3) everyone in them Health and Human Service field should be well engaged on this matter, but one could always be surprised. 

 Interactionism

1) View contains concepts specific to the thinking, feeling and behaving dimensions of human experiences and accounts for contextual and environmental factors. 

2) Is a sociological perspective which developed around the middle of the twentieth century and that continues to be influential in some areas of the discipline. It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology.

3) Every person on earth should utilize this as it is definitely quite important. 

 Life-span Perspective

1) Assumes that human development is a lifelong process and that personality and behavior changes can occur at any time rather than being fixed during early childhood.

2) Is never too late to learn new tricks.

3) One unwise person once said that you cannot tech an old dog new tricks. 

 Relational-Cultural Theory

(RCT)

1) Have elaborated on the vital role that relationships and connectedness with others play in the lives of women. These scholars suggest that a woman's sense of identity and self-concept develop on the context of relationships. Therapist emphasize the qualities of authenticity and transparency that contribute to the flow of the relationship; being empathically present with the suffering of the client is at the core of treatment.

2) Relational-cultural theory, and by extension, relational-cultural therapy (RCT) stems from the work of Jean Baker Miller, M.D.. Often, relational-cultural theory is aligned with the feminist and or multicultural movements in psychology.

3) One more focus in the human race to run in the right direction. Funny how common sense things take a long time to overcome. 

 Egalitarian Relationship

1) Which, is marked by authenticity, mutuality, and respect, is at the core of feminist therapist.
2) in which responsibilities are shared equally by all parties in the relationship. 

3) A very important in the movement of the females in our lives. 

Reframing

1) Includes a shift from placing the problem internally and "blaming the victim" to a consideration of social factors in the environment that contribute to a client's problem. The focus is on examining societal or political dimensions.

2) Cognitive reframing is a psychological technique that consists of identifying and then disputing irrational or maladaptive thoughts. Reframing is a way of viewing and experiencing events, ideas, concepts and emotions to find more positive alternatives.

3) One must take blame for his/her faults in life. Lesson many of us should have learned.

 Relabeling

1) Is an interventional that changes the label or evaluation applied to some behavior characteristics.

2) Labeling theory is a pretty simple theory that is based on social deviations which result in the labeling of the outsider. Social groups create deviance through the establishment of social rules, the breaking of these rules results in the perpetrator being labeled as a deviant.

3) Sometimes all of us should evaluate ourselves to see how we are relabeling. 

 Social Constructionism

1) Is a psychological expression of this postmodern worldview; it values the client's reality without disputing whether it is accurate or rational. Any understanding of reality is based on the use of language and is largely a function of the situations in which people live.

2) Social constructionism and social constructivism are sociological theories of knowledge that consider how social phenomena or objects of consciousness develop in social contexts. A social construction (social construct) is a concept or practice that is the construct (or cultural artifact) of a particular group.

3) Basically this is a treatment to see if someone is in reality or out on space (Pluto).  

 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

(SFBT)

1) Is a future-focused, goal-orientated therapeutic approach to brief therapy in which it emphasizes strengths and resiliencies of people by focusing on expressions to their problems and their conceptualized solutions. SFBT is an optimistic, antidetermionistic, future-orientated approach based on the assumption that clients have the ability to change quickly and can create a problem-free language as they strive for a new reality.

2)  Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) places focus on a person's present and future circumstances and goals rather than past experiences. In this goal-oriented therapy, the symptoms or issues bringing a person to therapy are typically not targeted.

3) All humans should focus on this therapy in order to become a better person, as we all should strive to be a better person. 

 Positive Psychology

1) Which concentrates on what is right and what is working for people rather than dwelling on deficits, weakness, and problems. By emphasizing positive dimensions, clients quickly become involved in resolving their problems, which makes this a very empowering approach.

2) Is the scientific study of human flourishing, and an applied approach to optimal functioning. It has also been defined as the study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals, communities and organizations to thrive.

3) Focuses on what is the correct way one should advance in life. 

 Exception Questions

1) Are questions to direct clients to times when the problem was not as intense.

2) Exception Seeking Questions are tools that are used in Solution Focused Therapy at the time when the problem is less severe or absent for the client to encourage the client to describe what different circumstances exist in that case, or what the client did differently.

3) E/Q are questions that I will definitely utilize at the end of most sessions that I will conduct with my clients. 

 Exceptions

1) SFBT is based on the notion that there were times in client's lives when the problems they identify were not problematic. These times are called E/ and represent news of difference. Solution-focused therapist ask E/Q to direct clients to times when the problem did not exist, r when the problem was not intense.

2) Having created a detailed miracle picture, the counsellor has started to gain some understanding of what the client hopes to achieve and the counsellor and client can begin to work towards these solutions. This is achieved through highlighting exceptions in a client’s life that are counter to the problem. This helps empower clients to seek solutions.

3) This is a psychosis in clients minds that problems are bigger than the problem actually is (are).

 Miracle Question

1) Which is the main SFBT technique. The therapist asks, "If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved overnight, how would you know if it was solved, and what would be different? Clients are then encouraged to enact "what would be different" in spite of perceived problems.

2) The miracle question or "problem is gone" question is a method of questioning that a coach, therapist, or counselor  can utilize to invite the client to envision and describe in detail how the future will be different when the problem is no longer present.

3) I will definitely need a lot of supervision before I practice this technic on my own. 

 Scaling Questions

1) Solution-Focused therapist also use S/Q when change in human experiences are not easily observed, such as feelings, moods, or communication, and to assist clients in noticing that they are not completely defeated by their problem.

2) This intervention can be seen as a forerunner of the what is now one of the most popular techniques of coaches: the scaling question. The scaling question became very popular with therapists and coaches through the work of Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer and their colleagues of the Brief Family Therapy Center, the originators of solution-focused brief therapy. They added important new elements to the scaling question. During the last decade the intervention has been refined further and its applications have become broader. Today, scaling questions are among the most flexible and versatile techniques for coaches.

3) I believe this technique should be utilized more by psychiatrists and not clinical social workers.

 The Formula First

Session Task

(FFST)

1) Is a form of homework a therapist might give clients to complete between their first and second sessions. Clients may be asked. First session therapist would ask client to observe and describe the next time we meet what happens in your (family, life, marriage, relationship) to have happen. On the second session client can be asked what they observed and what would they like to have happen in the future. This assignment offers clients hope that change in inevitable. It's not a matter of if change will occur, but when it will happen. This intervention tends to increase client's optimism and hope about their present and future situation. This technique emphasizes future solutions rather than past problems.

2) Solution-focused therapists routinely ask clients at the end of the first session to think about what they do not want to change about their lives as a result of ' therapy. This focuses them on strengths in their lives and begins the solution-generating process.

3) I wonder how many times T/F/F/S/T has been changed since it first started.

 Externalizing Conversations

1) It is a method used to separate the person from the problem, which opens up space for new stories to emerge. This method is particularly useful when people have internalized diagnosis and labels that have not been validating or empowering of the change process. E/C counteract oppressive, problem-saturated stories and empowerment clients to feel competent to handle the problem they face.

2)  One of original developers of mainstream family therapy:
* Bowenian family systems theory (a theoretical & clinical model that evolved from psychoanalytic principles & practices) is sometimes called multigenerational family therapy.

3) I will definitely use the M/F/T to treat most of my clients as it is proven to be effective according to some experts. 

 Human Validation

Process Model

1) Conjoint family therapy, that emphasizes communication and experiencing

2) Human Validation Process Model
* Stresses

* Techniques

* Therapy Goals

* Key Concepts 

3) I hope my clients family members all participate in H/V/P/M.

 Structural Family Therapy

1) Central idea was that an individual's symptoms are best understood from the vantage point of interactional pattern's, or sequences, within a family. structural change must occur within the family, before an individual symptoms can be reduced or eliminated.

Goals of S/F/T are

* Reducing symptoms of dysfunction.

* Bringing out structural change within the system by modifying the family's transactional rules and establishing more appropriate boundaries.

2) Structural family therapy (SFT) is a method of psychotherapy developed by Salvador Minuchin which addresses problems in functioning within a family.

3) I believe I will not be working hard with many family structural sessions in the far distant future.

 Structural Strategic Approaches

1) The most used model in the family system therapy. The interventions generated in these models became synonymous with a system approach they include joining, boundary setting, unbalancing, reframing, ordeals, paradoxical interventions, and enactments.  

2) Therapeutic interventions for troubled families often sound and appear unusual or abstract, such as “Structural Family Therapy” or “SFT,” for example. This isn’t a name that instantly rolls off your tongue, or a therapy you hear used frequently in the press or in movies, such as the more ubiquitous techniques of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.

3) Being the most used model I am sure it is a model utilized more effectively, and accurate. 

 Psychotherapy Integration

1) Is best characterized by attempts to look beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives and how can clients benefit from a variety of ways of conducting therapy.

2) Integrative psychotherapy is the integration of elements from different schools of psychotherapy in the treatment of a client. Integrative psychotherapy may also refer to the psychotherapeutic process of integrating the personality: uniting the "affective, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological systems within a person".

3) I will always be open to new therapies for my clients. I am always willing for any of my future clients to be involved in P/I as it appears to be a positive technique. 

Technical Integration

1) Aims at the best treatment and techniques for the individual and the problem. It tends to focus on differences, chooses from many approaches, and is a collection of techniques. This path calls for using techniques from different schools without necessarily subscribing to the theoretical positions that spawned them.

2) An approach to psychotherapy that includes a variety of attempts to look beyond the confines of single-school approaches in order to see what can be learned from other perspectives. It is characterized by an openness to various ways of integrating diverse theories and techniques.

3) This integration must be used quite often since all the information gathered in class (Modalities, and Community Resources have been quite informative on this matter.

 Theoretical Integration

1) Refers to a conceptual or theoretical creation beyond a mere blending of techniques. This route has the goal of producing a conceptual framework that synthesizes the best aspects of two or more theoretical approaches under the assumption that the outcome will be richer than either theory alone. This approach emphasizes integrating the underlying theories of therapy along with techniques from each.

2) The integration of theoretical ideas from various approaches to generate meaningful contexts which might assist in explaining the dynamic or elicitors of dilemmas or the operating of a person whenever any sole classical theoretical approach solely fails to explain the actions sufficiently.
 3) This technique I will clearly use with most of my clients. 

 Assimilative Integration

1) Approach which is grounded in a particular school of psychotherapy, along with an openness to selectively incorporate practices from other therapeutic approaches. It combines the advantages of a single coherent theoretical system with the flexibility of a variety of interventions from multiple systems.

2) The second major approach to psychotherapy integration is Assimilative Integration. Assimilative Integration is an approach in which the therapist has a commitment to one theoretical approach but also is willing to use techniques from other therapeutic approaches.
3) As a professional therapist, I will definitely utilize different approaches, as that is what I am learning in modalities. This process is called A/I.

 The Common Factor Approach

1) Searches for common elements across different theoretical systems. Despite many differences among the theories, a recognizable core of counseling practice is composed of nonspecific variables common to all therapies. C/F can be a basis for psychotherapy integration.

2)  A theory guiding some research in clinical psychology and counseling psychology, proposes that different approaches and evidence-based practices in psychotherapy and counseling share common factors that account for much of the effectiveness of a psychological treatment.

3) This process would be more outside my practice, as stated above, it is more for psychiatrists.

 Feedback-Informed Treatment

(FTT)

1) Is designed to evaluate and to improve the quality and effectiveness of counseling services. An evidence-based practice that monitors client change and identifies modifications needed to enhance the therapeutic endeavor. It involves consistently obtaining feedback from clients regarding the therapeutic relationship and the clinical progress, which then used to tailor therapy unique needs.

2) Specifically, FIT “involves routinely and most importantly formally soliciting feedback from clients about the process of therapy, working relationship [with the therapist] and overall wellbeing,” he said. The formal aspect of FIT is key because most therapists think they ask for feedback, but when they’re observed live or on video, they don’t do it nearly as much as they believe, Seidel said. Receiving ongoing formal feedback from clients has clear-cut benefits. It’s been shown to boost the effectiveness of therapy, including enhancing clients’ wellbeing and decreasing dropout rates and no-shows. And it makes sense: Once the therapist knows precisely how the client is feeling, they’re better equipped to adjust treatment accordingly.

3) This process is very important (FIT), as it clearly shows progress in the person served. 

 Outcome Rating Scale

(ORS)

1) Assesses the client's therapeutic progress through ratings of a client's personal experience of well-being in his/her individual, interpersonal, and social functioning. 

2) A rating scale is a set of categories designed to elicit information about a quantitative or a qualitative attribute. In the social sciences, particularly psychology, common examples are the Likert response scale and 1-10 rating scales in which a person selects the number which is considered to reflect the perceived quality of a product.

3) I am not sure if I will be using this technique because numbers may differ from person to person, unless there is a concrete description on each number.

 Session Rating Scale

(SRS)

1) Measures a client's perception of the quality of the therapeutic relationship, which includes the relational bond with the therapist, the perceived collaboration around specific tasks in therapy, and agreement on goals, methods, and client preferences.

2) A rating scale is a set of categories designed to elicit information about a quantitative or a qualitative attribute. In the social sciences, particularly psychology, common examples are the Likert response scale and 1-10 rating scales in which a person selects the number which is considered to reflect the perceived quality of a product.

3) I would expect for client-therapist relationship, therapist would end with a high number since the progress of improvement is on the focus of the work performed.