Term
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Definition
The "Classical" Path (as described by Lynch).
•Settled peasant society.
•Produces a surplus of goods/food.
•Articulates a common set of anxieties.
•Death.
•Unknown forces.
•BEGIN TO DEFINE A COMMON CULTURAL SYSTEM.
•City starts to become Ceremonial Center.
•City as Ceremonial/Cultural Center.
•Priests and Specialists begin to be distinguished.
•Development of ritual necessitates physical - - infrastructure to support/facilitate.
•City/Ceremonial Center becomes a pilgrimage point.
•People and goods from the surrounding areas - - begin to gravitate to the city.
•City as Accumulation Point.
•Power, ritual, and the collection of goods starts to - develop and become elaborated.
•A new elite begins to form.
•Management. Imposition of will.
•Voluntary gifts become tribute.
•Accumulation of goods develops:
•cities dependence on surplus.
•need to maintain stores/reserve for future - self preservation.
•Possibility of trade develops. |
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Term
| DEVELOPMENT AND ELABORATION OF THE CITY FORM AND FUNCTION |
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Definition
•Basic form of city as point administration, ceremony, etc. begins to transform.
•Development of planned, premeditated placement of urban development.
•Company Town – exploitation of resources and profit.
•Colonial Towns in wilderness and in occupied areas.
•Wilderness – no significant population in place - or effectively "run-out".
•Settled due to available central resource - or to relieve overcrowding/pressure at - home.
•Small town, but of familiar typology. - Nostalgia factor.
•Sense of Temporary Nature.
•Deliberately designed.
•Typically in sharp contrast to - surroundings.
•Occupied Areas.
•Settlement takes place in well developed - area with pre-existent population.
•Indigenous cultural and land systems - supplanted.
•Existing population typically seen as a - resource for exploitation.
•Result is typically social conflict. |
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Term
| Common Features of the Colonial Town Type |
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Definition
•Spatial separation of indigenous and new populations and cultures.
•Open fields zones maintained for observation, protection.
•Axial approach and ceremonial way.
•Order, formality, standardization.
•Height and size used to establish hierarchy.
•Things are named and thereby taken into possession.
•Space and behavior are regulated. |
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Term
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Definition
•Lynch identifies three separate, distinct theoretical - approaches to explaining the City:
• Planning or Decision Theory – the city is a result - of a complex series of decisions. Theory is - applicable to many areas of study.
• Functional Theory – the city form is dictated by its - function. This branch of theory is more
- specifically aimed at characteristics explicitly - related to city form.
• Normative Theory – deals with the city in a very - broad fashion and attempts to draw relations
between the form of the city or settlements and the - values of the society that built, uses, and lives
there.
• Essential to all branches is the question of why the - city looks and functions like it does? |
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Term
| Aspects of a Normative Theory |
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Definition
• Starts from purposeful behavior.
• Deals specifically with settlement/city form.
• Connects the general and long range ideals and - values to the form while at the same time - addressing the specifics of the immediate present.
• Deals with the plurality of the culture and speaks - for the absent and future client.
• Applicable to diverse situations and cultures.
• Simple, flexible, and divisible.
• Can evaluate the process and the state of the - settlement/city form simultaneously.
• Useful both as a tool for evaluating the existing - and proposing a possible future. |
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Term
| Urban Normative Theories – Cosmic Model. |
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Definition
• Settlement as a magical model of the universe and gods.
• City plans and layout have highly precise and well defined symbolic and religious connotations.
• Myth acts as a formgiver.
• Geomancy as factor in the design of cities.
• Some typical aspects include:
• axial/ceremonial processions.
• enclosure and the development of distinct - precincts.
• carefully dictated formal heirarchies (big vs. - small, left vs. right.)
• regular, ordered layouts (often grids).
• symmetry, dualism.
• landmarks expand realm/extent of the center.
• City form serves to maintain and reinforce the - cultural norms. |
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Term
| Urban Normative Theories – The Practical Machine. |
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Definition
• City viewed as a machine or tool composed of distinct - components.
• City, similar to a machine or tool, has the ability to - adapt to new functions and uses.
• Growth is by addition or subtraction of components.
• City is seen as the sum of its parts and systems - analysis is typically used study and
understand.
• Probably most used model at present. |
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Term
| Urban Normative Theories – Organic Theory. |
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Definition
• Based on a biologic analogy.
• Composition of the city is seen as a living, changing - quality.
• Suppositions:
• City should be an autonomous individual of a finite - size.
• Internal parts are closely linked and difficult to - separate or divide.
• Internally, a heterogeneous community (population - and function).
• The dynamic of development is driven internally. |
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Term
| Types and Roles of Planners: |
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Definition
• Project Planner - typically deals with specified scope - and client.
• SMWM
• SOM
• Public Interest Planner - sees self as steward of the - process.
• Sierra Club
• UN-HABITAT - United Nations Human Settlements - Programme.
• Informational Planner - develops reports, statistics, - etc. for public info.
• Census Bureau Home Page
• Advocacy Planner – has specific ideas and aims which - they promote and champion.
• San Francisco Bicycle Coalition |
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Term
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Definition
• Channels along which typically, occasionally, or may move.
• Often predominant element by which the individual forms a mental map of the city.
• Element along which other components of the city are arranged an perceived. |
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Term
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Definition
• Linear Elements not used or considered as paths by the individual.
• Perceived as boundaries between phases or breaks of continuity.
• Lateral references as opposed to coordinate.
• Hold together generalized areas. |
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Term
| Design Elements – Districts. |
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Definition
• Medium to large sections of the city.
• Marked by perceived two-dimensional extents and has some identifiable, recognized character.
• "Recognized" from within.
• Typically means by which an individual constructs a mental map of the city.
• Definitions of districts depend on the individual and the city at large. |
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Term
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Definition
• Strategic points or spots within a city that can be entered.
• Intensive foci of events.
• Often, junctions at crossing of paths, often breaks in travel systems where one move from system to system.
• Condensed usage patterns.
• Occasionally focus of a district.
• Related to both the Path and the District. |
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Term
| Design Elements – Landmarks |
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Definition
• Point type reference; external in nature.
• Typically singular, simple elements.
• Single identified object selected from numerous possibilities.
• Can operate at several levels.
•Regional.
•City.
•District. |
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Term
| Beginnings of Roman and its expansion |
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Definition
• Based on Etruscan civilization which spreads during the 7th c. and 6th c. B.C.
• Rome proper falls between the extents of the Etruscan and Greek worlds. Consequently it feel the impact of
both.
• Rome develops Empire based on a highly methodical system of:
• Infrastructure.
• Division of agricultural land.
• Colonization and the founding of new cities.
• Later – During period of the Empire – government begins to de-centralize. |
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Term
Periods of Ancient Roman History.
Social Characteristics |
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Definition
• Period of the Kings: 753-510 B.C.
• Period of the Republic: 509-27 B.C.
• Period of the Empire: 27B.C. – 330 A.D.
• Golden Age is considered as the period of Empire between 96-180 A.D.
• Highly centralized, military backed government.
• Economy based on trade.
• Trade typically initiated by military conquest.
• Religion based largely on reinterpretation of Greek.
• Tendency towards the pragmatic vs. the philosophical.
• Perfection of arch construction system allows for - advanced engineering achievements:
• Arch – Gateways, bridges, aqueducts.
• Barrel Vault – Sewers and water systems.
• Dome – Buildings, etc. such as the Pantheon. |
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Term
| Ancient Rome – Urban Form. |
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Definition
• Becomes largest concentration of population in the ancient world: over 1 million inhabitants at height.
• Develops underground water and sewerage system.
• Roman Forum (civic center) replaces the Greek Agora as center of social life of city.
• Dense urban housing (up to 7 stories at times) developed.
• Monumental civic buildings are developed:
• Coliseum replaces the Greek Theater. |
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Term
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Definition
• Etruscan city founding principles have impact on the - development of Roman planning ideals. Principles
include the following steps/processes:
• Inauguratio – consultation with the Gods prior to - the beginning of work or layout.
• Limitatio – tracing or demarcation of the external - limits and perimeter.
• Consacratio – celebration of the founding of the - city with sacrifices to the Gods.
• Rome is the center of an empire.
• Village origins.
• As Empire increases in size – so does the city.
•Urbs – City.
•Suburbs – Outside of City.
• Somewhat organic growth pattern occurs – similar - in aspects to that seen earlier in Athens. |
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Term
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Definition
• Insulae – 5 to 7 story (max) dwellings. Street level - accommodations preferable to higher units.
• Domus – free standing houses.
• By 3rd c. A.D. Rome has a population of +/- 1,000,000 - inhabitants.
• 1,790 recorded domus.
• 44,300 recorded insulae.
Majority of population living in dense, urban conditions. |
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Term
| Ancient Rome – Aqueducts and Sewers. |
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Definition
• By 6th c. B.C. Sewers and Aqueducts developed.
• 13 aqueducts supply water to the city. Aqua Appia first in service.
• Cloaca Maxima drains and controls area adjacent to the forum.
Goethe notes upon seeing the aqueducts, bridges, roads and sewers that they appear as “a second nature, working for civilization.” |
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Term
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Definition
• Itinera – Pedestrians only.
• Actus – Only wide enough for a single cart allowed to pass at time.
• Viae – Wide enough for two carts to pass.
• Roads initially allow/enable rapid expansion of the Empire.
• Able to move military quickly and efficiently.
• Develop into essential infrastructure for administration of the Empire.
• Eventually become utilized for trade and commerce. |
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Term
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Definition
• System for the division of the centuraitio (arable agricultural land) developed.
• System is based on layout of limites (roads) which serve to organize the landscape and delineate
plots of ground.
• Decumani – primary roads parallel to the longest side of the territory.
• Cardines – secondary roads which are perpendicular to the decumani.
• Codified layout executed by an agrimensori or gromatici.
• Requires specific, specialized knowledge.
• Use of groma – tool specifically for layout of the territory.
• Particularly fortuitous if the centuraitio layout coincided with the layout of the urban areas.
• Decumanis Maximus.
• Cardo Maximus. |
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Term
| The “Dark Ages”. 400 A.D. – 1,000 A.D. |
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Definition
• Classical Rome begins decline after the split of the - Empire ca. 395 A.D. Roman rule within the western
reaches of the Empire begins to dissolve.
• By the beginning of the 5th century B.C. “all was - over”.
• General period of political and economic - instability.
• Germanic Tribes, Vandals, Ostrogoths, etc. - overrun the Empire.
• Much of the economic system and many of the - cities remain in place during this period (the - invaders wanted to enjoy the fruits of the - Empire – not simply destroy what existed).
• Larger, politically unified context replaced by - the development of fiefdoms.
• Christian monastic tradition begins. Monastaries - and Churches maintain degree of urban - stability and continuity.
• By the Mid 8th c. B.C. trade routes in the - Mediteranean effectively shut down.
• Economic system of the smaller cities and - villages focuses on a rural/agricultural - basis.
• Trade and commerce between individual cities and - villages minimized.
• “ECONOMY OF EXCHANGE IS REPLACED BY AN ECONOMY OF CONSUMPTION.” |
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Term
| The Medieval. ca. 1,000 A.D. – 1,400 A.D. |
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Definition
• Trade routes begin to be re-established and stabilize.
• Long distance trade once again possible.
• By 11th c. A.D. commerce is essentially - reestablished.
• Small scale industry.
• Feudalism is developed.
• Land ownership is concentrated and has - rights/station closely associated.
• Land privileges “granted” and incurs “obligation”
• Churches and monasteries that had provided a level of - urban continuity during the Dark Ages now become
- central to the new urban centers.
• Education once again and issue. |
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Term
| Medieval Town – Basic Conditions: |
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Definition
• Definition of Towns (vs. Village) dependent on interrelationship between 6 basic components:
• Economic structure – marketplace.
• Developed social structure – craftsmen, agricultural, - merchant class, clergy.
• Physically developed structure.
• Specific legal personality – develop documents, laws, - decrees, etc.
• Localized situation – waterways, roads, etc.
• Political vitality – interfaces with other towns. |
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Term
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Definition
• Whether planned and organic in development, all share very similar social, economic, and political contexts.
• 5 basic town types that are classified based on ORIGIN:
• Towns of Roman Origin – Either continuously inhabited or re-inhabited after the Dark Ages.
• Burgs – Military Encampments that become towns.
• Organic Growth – Villages that grow into towns.
• Bastide Towns – Towns which are founded. S - Specifically in France (some cases in England - and Wales)
• Planted Towns – found throughout Europe.
• Typical Physical Components include:
• Wall – with towers and gates.
• Streets and Circulation spaces.
• Central Market place – often with an associated - Hall.
• Church.
• General Town Buildings – typically with - associated gardens. |
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Term
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Definition
• Begins in Italy around the beginning of the 15th c. and - last until the end of the 18th c.
• Elsewhere in Europe beginning and end dates differ.
• Urban design issues during the Renaissance focus on 5 - essential areas.
• Fortification systems.
• Regeneration of portions of cities by means of the - creation of new urban spaces.
• Restructuring of cities by means of the introduction - of main street systems.
• The addition of new districts to existing cities.
• Layout of new towns (limited in occurrence). |
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Term
| The Renaissance – Basic Design Components: |
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Definition
• Three basic components were used to make these - changes:
• Straight Streets
• Main function is to facilitate movement.
• No longer simply an approach to a building or - simple extension/termination of highway.
• Streets function as an architectural whole.
• Resultant of individual architectural units - (i. e. Buildings.)
• “Private simplicity, public magnificence.”
• Streets are seen in terms of spaces.
• Gridiron city planning.
• 3 primary areas of use include:
• Residential districts added to towns or the - renovation existing districts.
• Layout of new towns.
• In conjunction with primary streets to re- - structure existing towns.
• Enclosed Spaces.
• Traffic Spaces - part of the main urban route - used by both pedestrians and vehicles.
• Residential Spaces - localized access. - Predominately pedestrian and recreational - usage.
• Pedestrian Spaces – no wheeled traffic. - Typically have symbolic implications. |
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Term
| The First Modern Historian: Voltaire.* |
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Definition
•1751 - Age of Louis XIV published.
•1754 - Essay on the General History of Manners - published.
• Change as more characteristic of nature than - permanence.
•Evolution – gradual change.
•Revolution – sudden change.
• Concern with general cultural progress – not only - with political and military.
• Critical of myth. Leads to critical theory of - architecture and the arts.
• Concern with determining authentic origins. - Respect for primitive cultures. Rational - understanding vs. idealized.
• Concern with progress of human race towards - assumed perfection and ultimate rationality. - Progress seen as beneficial – no longer just - inevitable.
• History as universal. No longer just history of - Christianity and Roman-Greco lineage.
• Middle Ages (and Gothic) re-emerge as being - worthy of study after being previously rejected - by Renaissance.
*See Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture – Chapter 2 by Peter Collins for full discussion. |
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Term
| Events Surrounding 1750.* |
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Definition
• 1747 – Founding of Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees. Separates engineering from architecture for the first
time.
• 1750 – Walpole begins use of Gothic in reworking of his estate Strawberry Hill. Mediaeval age is once
again acknowledged as warranting study after the Renaissance.
• 1750 – The word “Aesthetics” is first used by Baumgartner. Science of perception.
• 1751 – Stuart, Revett, and Soufflot make first attempts to record Greek Ruins. Archaelogy as science.
• 1752 – Blondel publishes first modern history of architecture.
• 1754 – Laugier publishes Essai sur l’architecture. Begins to equate architecture with rational construction.
• 1776 – July 4
th
; United States Declaration of Independence. American Revolution.
• 1789 - July 14
th
, Storming of the Bastille. The French Revolution.
*See Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture – Chapter 2 by Peter Collins for full discussion. |
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