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| His development of psychoanalysis contributed an essential method for the understanding, treatment and research of psychological disturbance. Was a medical doctor and Jewish. |
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| The reservoir of teh biological, instinctual drives with innate and developmental components. |
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| Teh central controlling core of the personality mediating between the id and superego. |
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| a structure of the mind, developed from innate tendencies and early parental interactions and identifications that embraces moral and other standards and regulates psychic tensions, self-image, self image, self esteeem and drive discharge. |
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| The basic driving force of personality in Freud's system, it includes sexual energy but is not restricted to it. |
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| An instinct towards death and self destruction, posited by Frued to oppose and balance Eros, thie life instinct. |
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| A division of the psyche; teh repository of psychological material of which the individual is unaware. |
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| this is teh part of the mind that holds what you're aware of. You can verbalize about your conscious experience and you can think about it in a logical fashion. |
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| This is ordinary memory. So although things stored here aren't in the conscious, they can be readily brought into conscious. |
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| Erotic attraction of the male child for his mother accompanied by hostility towards his father. |
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| Erotic attraction of the female child for her father accompanied by hostility toward the mother. |
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| In psychoanalysis, the tendency or drive achieve pleasure and avoid pain as the chief motivating force in behavior. |
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| The therapy situation in which the patient responds to the therapist as though he or she were a significant figure in the patient's past, usually a parent. |
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| The activation of unconscious wishes and fantasies on teh part of the therapist towards the patient. It can either be elicited by and indicative of the patient's projections or come from the therapist's tendency to respond to patients as though they were significant others in life, history or fantasy of the therapist. |
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| Stages of Psychosocial development |
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ORAL-The earliest phase of psychosexual development, extending from birth to approx. 18 months, in which most libidal gratification occurs through biting, sucing or oral contact. Primary conflict at this stage is the weaning process-child must become less dependent upon caretakers. If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual would have issues with dependency or agression. Oral fixation can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting.
ANAL-Freud's second phase of psychosexual development, extending roughly from 18 months to 3 years of age, in which most libidinal pleasure is derived from retaining and expelling feces. According to Freud, success at this stage is dependent upon the way in which parents approach toilet training. Parents who utilize praise and rewards for using the toilet at the appropriate time encourage positive outcomes and help children feel capable and productive. Freud believed that positive experiences during this stage served as the basis for people to become competent, productive, and creative adults. However, not all parents provide the support and encouragement that children need during this stage. Some parents' instead punish, riducule, or shame a child for accidnets. According to Freud, inappropriate parental responses can result in negative outcomes. If parents take an approach that is too lenient, Freud suggested that an an-sxpulsive parsonality could develop in which the individual has a mess, wasteful, or destructive personality. If parents are too strict or begin toilet training too early, Freud believed that an anal retentive personality develops in which the individual is stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive.
PHALLIC-A paychosexual phase in boys of ages 3 to 5 in which penile experiences and fantasies of thrusting and exhibiting are predominant. The comparable stage in girls is the vaginal phase. Oedipus and Electra complex.
LATENCY-A relatively inactive period of psychosexual development said to begin around age 6 and end aroound age 11. The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy is still present, but it is directed into other areas such as intellecutal pursuits and social interactions. This stage is important in the development of social and communciation skills and self confidence.
GENITAL-The final stage in psychoseual development, also termed teh Oedipal phase, in which heterosexual relations are achieved. Its roots are formed at ages's five to six, and it is said to be the basis for the mature personality. If the other stages have been completed successfully, the individual should now be well balanced, warm, and caring. The goal of this stage is to establish a balance between the various life areas. |
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| Method mobilized by the EGO in response to its danger signal of anxiety as protection from inner and outer threat. |
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| probably one of the best known defense mechanisms, used often to describe those who seem unable to face reality or admit and obvious truth. Denial is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring. Drug addicts or alcoholics often deny that they have a problem, while victims of traumatic events may deny that the event ever occurred. Denial functions to protect the ego from things that the individual cannot cope with. While this may save us from anxiety or pain, denial also requires a substantial investment of energy. Because of this, other defenses are also used to keep these unacceptable feelings from consciousness. |
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| Another well known defense mechanism. Repression acts to keep information out of conscious awareness. However, these memories don't just disappear; they continue to influence our behavior. IE, a person who has repressed memories of abuse suffered as a child may later have difficulty forming relationships. Sometimes we do this consciously by forcing the unwanted information out of our awareness, which is known as suppression, but it is usually believed to occur unconsciously. |
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| If you have ever had a bad day at work, then gone home and taken out your frustration on family and friends, you have experienced the ego defense mechanism of displacemnt. Displacement involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening. Displaced agression is a common example of this defense mechanism. Rather that express our anger in ways that could lead to negative consequences (like arguing with our boss), we instead express our anger towards a person or object that poses no threat (such as our spouses, children, or pets). |
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| A defense mechanism that allows us to act out unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors into a more acceptable form. For example, aperson experiencing extreme anger might take up kick boxing as a means of venting frustration. Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity that allows people to function normally in socially acceptable ways. |
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| A defense mechanism that involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people. For example, if you have a strong dislike for someone, hyou might instead believe that he or she does not like you. Projection functions to allow the expression of the desire or impulse, but in a way that the ego cannot recognize, therefore reducing anxiety. |
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| Works to reduce anxiety by thinking about events in a cold, clinical way. This defense mechanism allows us to avoid thinking about the stressful, emotional aspect of the situation and focus only on the intellectual component. For example, a person who has just been diagnosed with a terminal illness might focus on learning everything about the disease in order to avoid distress and remain distant from the reality of the situtation. |
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| A defense mechanism that involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true explanation for the behavior. For example, a person who is turned down for a date might rationalize the situation by saying they weren't attracted to the other person anyway, or a student who blames a poor exam score on the instructor rather than his or her lack of preparation. Rationalization not only prevents anxiety, it may also protect self-esteem and self-concept. When confronted by success or failure, people tend to attribute achievement to their own qualities and skills while failures are blamed on other people or outside forces. |
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| Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior. An example of reaction formation would be treating someone you strongly dislike in an excessively friendly manner in order to hide your true feelings. Why do people behave this way? According to Freud, tehy are using reaction formation as a defense mechanism to hide their true feelings by behaving in the exact opposite manner. |
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| When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earler in development. Anna Freud called this defense mechanism regression, suggesting that people act out behaviors from the stage of psychosexual development in which they are fixated For example, an individual fixated at an earlier developmental stage might cry or sulk upon hearing unpleasant news. |
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