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Theories
Theories of Counseling and Psychology
107
Psychology
Graduate
06/25/2010

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Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
the theory that has the assumption that most mental activity of a person is UNCONSCIOUS. This theory focuses on personality development and factors that motivate behavior.
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Jewish
Studied medicine and had a lot of success in medicine. Struggled with his own emotional problems and tried to do self analysis such as analyzing the meaning of his dreams. He concluded that he had hostility for his father and also realized he had sexual feeling for his mother.
Term
Ego - Defense Mechanism
(Psychoanalysis)
Definition
helps the individual cope with anxiety and prevents the ego from being overwhelmed.
Term
Stages of the Psychosexual Development
Definition
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic These are the stages
4. Latency that affect
5. Genital personality.
A person can get "stuck" in one stage and not progress.
The first 6 years are crucial
Term
Examples of Ego Defense Mechanisms
(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Repression
Denial
Reaction Formation
Projection
Displacement
Rationalization
Regression
Introjection
Term
Examples of Ego-Defense Mechanisms
Definition
1. Repression
2. Denial
3. Reaction formation
4. Projections
5. Displacement
6. Rationalization
7. Regression
Term
Repression (psychoanalysis)
Definition
Most important process of Freud's
Removal of something from the conscious mind to the unconscious.
Term
Suppression(psychoanalysis)
Definition
A conscious thought to put a bad event out of your mind.
Term
Rationalization(psychoanalysis)
Definition
A concept that if the Ego was rejected by someone, then something was wrong with the other person. ex. " he was too short anyway". To justify rejection
Term
Displacement(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Deal with a situation that is not as threatening to you. ex. you get mad at your boss so you yell at the kids. Place your anger somewhere else.
Term
Projection (psychoanalysis)
Definition
Blaming others for a problem that you have. Defending yourself.
Term
Oral(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Development phase that takes place in the infant stage where everything is centered around satisfying with the mouth like breast feeding
Term
Anal Stage(psychoanalysis)
Definition
The stage that infants /toddlers learn potty training.
Term
Phallic Stage(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Unconscious desires that kids develop for their parents.
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
Term
Oedipus Complex(psychoanalysis)
Definition
All male children are attracted to their mom, urge to get rid of dad.
Term
Electra Complex(psychoanalysis)
Definition
The phallic stage that daughters are attracted to their father. Jealousy toward mother, penis envy.
Term
Latency(psychoanalysis)
Definition
The psychosexual stage that is a break and there is more socializing that takes place.
Term
Genital Stage(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Stage of psychosexual development that is in the teen years and has the focus of sexual desires.
Term
Libido(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Sexual energy, expression of love and pleasure
Term
Id(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Original system of personality, present at birth. Seeks pleasure and has demands "I want it now"
Term
Ego(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Keeps the Id in check. Like the parent.
Has contact with reality compared to the Id.
Term
Superego(psychoanalysis)
Definition
A person's moral code. Is an action good, bad, right or wrong. Non compromising and tries to get the ego to side with it.
Term
Structures of Personality(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Id, Ego, Superego
Term
Fixation(psychoanalysis)
Definition
"stuck" in a stage of psychosexual. Obsessive preoccupation in one of the stages.
Term
Free Association(psychoanalysis)
Definition
to lie on the couch and say whatever is on their mind.
Term
Transference(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Client projects feelings onto the therapist. Unconscious is shifting to feelings from the past.
Term
Countertransference(psychoanalysis)
Definition
The therapist turns feelings onto the client from their unconscious
Term
Resistance(psychoanalysis)
Definition
to resist, unconscious obstruction
Term
Life Instincts(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Instincts that have the purpose of survival of the individual, oriented toward growth and development
Term
Death Instincts(psychoanalysis)
Definition
Accounts for an aggressive drive. Some people manifest through their behavior an unconscious wish to die.
Term
Eric Erikson
Definition
Focus on psychosocial development that contained 8 stages as compared to Freud's psychosexual 5 stages.
Term
Carl Jung
Definition
Worked with Freud.
Analytical Psychology- we are influenced by our past and future.Abandoned Freud's theory of sex. Focus on the analysis of dreams and bringing things to the conscious mind.
Term
Margaret Mahler
Definition
Focus on Object Relations Theory. Opposite of Freud's Oedipus, Electra complex Theory. Mahler focussed on the attachment between a parent and child.
Term
Object Relations Theory
Definition
Analytic treatment that explores the unconscious internalization of external objects like people. The child becomes attached to an object which is a caregiver
Term
Maintain the analytical framework
Definition
Range of procedures
regularity and consistency of meetings
starting and ending sessions on time
consistency is an important therapeutic factor much like feeding a baby on time
Term
Interpretation(psychoanalysis)
Definition
A process used in Freud's therapy process where the therapist points out, explains and teaches the client the meaning of behavior from dreams, free association, resistance and the client / therapist relationship
Term
Alfred Adler
Definition
Educated with Freud
Competition with older brother, always felt inferior
Very ill and had a lot to overcome
Term
Adlerian Theory
Definition
theory that focuses on social being, inferiority feelings which motivate a person.theory was also of goal oriented
and that people work more in the conscious than unconscious mind. People need to be understood holistic rather than in parts
Term
Humanistic therapy(Adlerian)
Definition
approaches that seek to foster personal growth through direct contact
Term
Individual Psychology (Adlerian)
Definition
Adler's approach that stressed understanding the whole person, all dimensions of a person are all connected components
Term
Social Psychology(Adlerian)
Definition
The study of how an individual's thoughts, feelings and actions are affected by the presence of other people.
Term
Social Interest (Adlerian)
Definition
An action line of one's community feeling and involves the individual's positive attitude toward other people.
Term
Early Recollections(Adlerian)
Definition
Stories and events that a person says occurred before he or she was 10 years old.
Term
Encouragement(Adlerian)
Definition
most powerful method available for changing a person's beliefs, to help the client build self esteem and confidence.
Term
Discouragement(Adlerian)
Definition
to be negative, can cause emotional death in a client
Term
Family Constellations(Adlerian)
Definition
information gathered in a questionnaire,
includes parents, siblings and others at home, life tasks and early recollections. This gives a picture of the persons early recollections
Term
Birth Order(Adlerian)
Definition
set of experiences
most important is the individual's perception of where they place in the family
Term
Inferiority feelings/complex(Adlerian)
Definition
feeling of inadequacy and insecurity which is imagined from psychological and or physical deficiency and help motivate us to strive for success
Term
Superiority(Adlerian)
Definition
opinion of one's abilities and accomplishments, moving from a lower to higher position
Term
Style of Life(Adlerian)
Definition
developed while striving for goals , our behaviors fit together to provide consistency
Term
Existential Therapy
Definition
a way of thinking about life and living, help client find meaning and purpose in life.
Term
Freedom
Definition
a characteristic that people are able to choose among alternatives and shaping their destiny. Implies that we are responsible for our life and choices of actions.
Term
Responsibility
Definition
accountability for actions and life choices
Term
Logotherapy
Definition
helps clients find meaning in life. getting in touch
Term
Phenomenology
Definition
provides a view of human history that does not focus on past events , but motivates individuals to look forward to an authentic experience.
Term
authenticity
Definition
living to be true to our own evaluation, courage to be who we are
Term
Rollo May
Definition
Existentialist
unhappy life experiences
struggled with anxiety and learned how to cope
Term
Victor Frankl
Definition
Jewish, lost entire family in concentrations camps, but still looked for the positive
Term
6 Components of Existentialism
Definition
1. capacity of self awareness
2. freedom and responsibility
3. striving for identity and relationships with others
4. search for meaning
5. anxiety
6. awareness of death
Term
capacity of self awareness
Definition
reflect on life and make choices, we increase our awareness to live life fully
Term
freedom and responsibility
Definition
we can make our own choices in life and should be responsible for those choices
Term
identity and relationships
Definition
most important relationship is with ourself, we can branch out to other relationships once we accept ourself
Term
Search for meaning
Definition
find significance in life
Do you like the direction of your life?
Term
anxiety
Definition
everyone lives with this component, but needs to know how to cope for a healthy life
Term
awareness of death
Definition
basic human condition that motivates life
Term
I/thou relationship
Definition
two relationships related between to people, not a person and object
Term
Person centered counseling
Definition
based on concepts from humanistic psychology.
Term
Carl Rogers
Definition
Developed the humanistic movement
grew up lonely and focused on academics
Term
Humanistic Psychology
Definition
psychology that focuses on the fact that a person has the capacity to make their own choices.,create their own lifestyle, approach is holistic
Term
Congruence/ Genunineness
Definition
therapists are real; genuine, authentic during the therapy experience with their client. Their inner and outer experience can match and they can express their feelings and thoughts.
Term
Empathy
Definition
deep understanding of the client, not sympathy
therapist shares the clients world by tuning in to their own feelings that are like the clients
Term
Accurate Empathic Understanding
Definition
therapist senses the feelings as if they were his own without becoming list in those feelings this helps the client with self understanding
Term
self actualization
Definition
to become fully functioning; why we do what we do
development of abilities
Term
Unconditional Positive Regard
Definition
An attitude that therapists need to communicate to the client is of a deep and genuine caring attitude for the client.There is no evaluation or judgement
Term
Non-directed counseling
Definition
provided a powerful and alternative to the directive approach to counseling. Therapists avoid sharing a great deal about themselves with clients and focus mainly on reflecting and clarifying the client's verbal communications
Term
Freudian GOALS
Definition
Goals:
1. make the unconscious / conscious
2. assist clients in reliving past conflicts
3. Strengthen the ego so behavior is more reality
Term
Freudian Therapist Function/Role
Definition
"blank screen", very little disclosure
fosters a transference relationship
help client in self awareness , freedom
therapist is a good listener and decides when to make interpretations and listens for gaps
Term
Freudian therapy process
Definition
"talk therapy"
listen to the client
lie on a couch/ relaxation
first a working relationship is established before listening occurs
more like putting a puzzle together, therapy will not be affective if the client is pushed
Term
Adlerian Goals
Definition
To develop life goals with the client
Encourage the client
Term
Adlerian Therapist role
Definition
Help clients in changing their life story.
Gather information about the clients style of living by means of a questionnaire and family constellation, early recollections
Term
Adlerian therapeutic process
Definition
More attention is made toward the client experience. Gather early recollection, family constellations,
Offer encouragement, not discourage
share interpretations
Set goals
Dreams may also be used as a useful tool to assessment.
Term
Existential Therapy Goals
Definition
Help the client see that they are free. Help client realize that they are responsible for their actions and choices
Acceptance of existance
Term
Existential Therapy Therapeutic Relationship
Definition
Therapists main task is to understand the clients being in the world. Authenticity of the relationship is stressed.
Term
Existential Therapist Role
Definition
Incorporate other techniques from other theories, this is "eclectic"
Help the client make choice and not to focus on the past.Invite clients to be responsible. May hold up a mirror and have the client engage in self confrontation.
Term
Existentialism Therapeutic process
Definition
Help the client move toward authenticity
teach clients what they already know about themselves. Support clients in confronting their anxiety
Increase awareness is the main goal
Term
Person-Centered Goals
Definition
Provide a safe climate so that the client can self explore.
Great trust, to find meaning in life and to experience life fully. Client sets the agenda
Self Actualization- to become fully functioning
Focus on the person and not the problem
Term
Person- Centered therapist role
Definition
Therapist should have a positive good attitude
Therapist should not have a definite role.Therapist should be present and accessible to the client. Therapist should be genuine, respectful, authentic, supportive and accepting. Therapist does not ask probing questions
Term
Person Centered Therapeutic Relationship
Definition
A good relationship is very important.genuineness,caring, warmth, empathy , respect and nonjudgemental
Term
Person Centered Therapy Process
Definition
Few techniques are used in this therapy
Attitudes are stressed (positive)
No assessments or testing are done.
Term
Person Centered therapeutic climate
Definition
Safe surroundings, that help the client grow
Term
Gestalt Therapy
Definition
Existential process based approach created that individuals must be understood
Term
Introjection
Definition
Uncritically accept others beliefs and standards
Term
Projection
Definition
Disown aspects of ourselves by assigning them to the environment. The attributes are our personality that are inconsistent with our self-image
Term
Retroflection
Definition
turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone else. self mutilation
Term
Deflection
Definition
distraction or veering off , difficult to maintain contact, speaking through or for others
Term
Confluence
Definition
blurring the differentiation between self and the environment
Absence of conflicts.
Term
Behavior Therapy
Definition
Focus is on observable behavior, learning experiences, treats a wide range of psychological disorders with different populations
anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, domestic violence, sexual problems, pain management
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Involves addition of something of value to the individual(praise, attention, money)as a consequence to a behavior.
Term
Negative Reinforecement
Definition
Involves the escape from or the avoidance of aversive (unpleasant) stimuli. Individual is motivated to exhibit a desired behavior to avoid unpleasant conditions.
Term
Systematic desensitization
Definition
based on the principle of classical conditioning is a basic behavioral procedure developed by Wolpe
Clients engage in behavior that competes with anxiety.
Term
Multimodal therapy
Definition
comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy
Grounded by social learning and cognitive theory and applies diverse behavioral techniques to a wide range of problems.
Term
Basic ID
Definition
cognitive map that links each aspect of the personality.
Term
Basic Characteristics and Assumptions of Behavior therpay
Definition
1. Behavior is based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method
Term
Adlerian Therapy Stages
Definition
1. Build RElationships
2. Explore the individual psychological dynamics
3. encourage self understanding
4. reorientaton
Term
Adlers Life Tasks
Definition
1. Education
2. Love, intimacy
3. Social interests
Term
4 characteristics of Existentialism
Definition
1. aware of life experiences( positive or negative)
2. ability to live fully
3. Trust own self
4. Sense of freedom and power
Term
3 Conditions of Psychological Growth in Existentialism
Definition
1. Congruence in the therapist and client relationship
2. Therapist shows total acceptance
3.Empathy
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