Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Theories of Development
vocab words and concepts
34
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/15/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
tabula rasa
Definition
theory that the mind is a blank slate at birth (pro-nurture)
Term
stage theories
Definition
argument that development progresses through a series of stages, that are completed sequentially. Qualitative.
Term
continuity theories
Definition
development as a steady growth process that is occurs in small steps. Quantitative.
Term
Life span theorist(s)
Definition
ex. Erikson. believed that development is a process that continues throughout someone's entire life.
Term
Child Development theorist(s)
Definition
ex. Freud and Piaget. believed that development was complete once the person hit adolescence.
Term
universality development
Definition
studies focused on how development is similiar across all types of cultures and situations. Piaget.
Term
context-specific development
Definition
studies focused on how a cultural context plays a roll in human development. Bronfenbrenner.
Term
name the 6 theoretical perspectives and their corresponding theorists.
Definition
1. cognitive-developmental theory. Piaget & Kohlberg 2. learning theory or behaviorist theory. Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura. 3. social cognitive theory. Bandura 4. psychodynamic theory. Freud & Erikson 5. Sociocultural theory. Vygotsky & Bronfenbrenner. 6. Evolutionary theory. Lorenz & Bowlby.
Term
cognitive-developmental theory
Definition
notion that cognitive abilities (one's ability to think) are developed as individuals mature physiologically and have opportunities to interact with their environment.
Term
accommodation vs. assimilation
Definition
accommodation is the process of modifying an existing scheme in order to include a new experience. assimilation is the process of modifying an experience to make it fit into a preexisting scheme.
Term
constructivism
Definition
constructing ideas derived from an active exploration of his or her environment
Term
information processing approach
Definition
uses the computer as a metaphor for the human mind and studies how the human mind processes information. developmental progress are described as being an increase in processing speed and capacity.
Term
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
Definition
sensorimotor- birth to age 2 pre-operational- 2 to 7 concrete operations- 7 to 11 formal operations- 11 to 15
Term
sensorimotor
Definition
cognitive development stage 1 (birth-2) infants develop object permanence and symbolic representation during this stage.
Term
pre-operational
Definition
cognitive development stage 2 (ages 2-7) child can use symbolic representations but cannot think logically. egocentrism.
Term
concrete operations
Definition
cognitive development stage 3 (ages 7-11) child develops the ability to think logically with concrete objects and concepts, but cannot reason logically about abstract concepts.
Term
formal operations
Definition
cognitive development stage 4 (ages 11-15) engage in logical, abstract, hypothetical thought
Term
scheme
Definition
an organized pattern of thought or action that become more logical and organized as the child progresses.
Term
disequilibrium
Definition
imbalance that occurs when a child's experience does not fit into preexisting schema. This psychological state is the motivation for developmental change.
Term
Learning theory
Definition
suggest that behavior is controlled by stimulus in the environment.
Term
components of classical conditioning
Definition

UCS-unconditioned stimulus: dog food

UCR-unconditioned response: saliva with dog food

CS-conditioned stimulus: bell

CR-conditioned response: saliva with bell

Term
generalization
Definition
when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to original CS (ex. wind chimes instead of bell)
Term
discrimination
Definition
process of conditioning a response to only occur after a specific stimulus
Term
extinction
Definition
unlearning of a CR. 
Term
Watson's Little Albert study
Definition
presenting child with a rat paired with a frightening noise to elicit fear.
Term
Skinner's Operant Conditioning theory
Definition
behavior can be modified by reward or punishment.
Term
observational learning
Definition
social cognitive term coined by bandura. one can learn a behavior by simply watching someone else do it.
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
subjective judgment a person makes that he or she will be successful in the attempt to imitate a model.
Term
vicarious reinforcement
Definition
the affect that seeing a model being reinforced has in observational learning. (more likely that person will imitate if  he sees that the model is being reinforced)
Term
psychodynmamic theory
Definition
in order to understand someone's personality, their subconscious must be investigated.
Term
id
Definition

develops at birth

pleasure principle; unconscious instincts; irrational; seeks instant gratification; contains the libido

Supporting users have an ad free experience!