Term
201. Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud's theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. ______ and ______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
a. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler.
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung.
c. Joseph Breuer; A.A. Brill.
d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May. |
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Definition
| b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung. |
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Term
202. Eric Berne's transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory that includes
a. oral, anal, phallic.
b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
c. a and b.
d. id, ego, and superego. |
|
Definition
| d. id, ego, and superego. |
|
|
Term
203. In transactional analysis, the ______ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior,, while in Freudian theory it is the ______.
a. Adult; unconscious.
b. Parent; ego.
c. Parent; superego.
d. Parent; id. |
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Definition
|
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Term
204. Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by
a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
b. analysis during the childhood years.
c. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor.
d. transference. |
|
Definition
| a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex. |
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Term
205. Freudians refer to the ego as
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
b. the guardian angel of the mind.
c. the pleasure principle.
d. the seat of libido. |
|
Definition
| a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle. |
|
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Term
206. Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
a. Eros.
b. Eros and the id.
c. Thanatos.
d. both Eros and Thanatos. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
207. The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
a. reality principle.
b. notion of transference.
c. Eros principle.
d. pleasure principle. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
208. If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time.
b. ego.
c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong.
d. BASIC-ID. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
209. A therapist who says to a patient, "Say whatever comes to mind," is practicing
a. directive counseling.
b. TA.
c. paraphrasing.
d. free association. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
210. The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ______, rather than ______ like the id.
a. perfection; pleasure.
b. pleasure; perfection.
c. morals; ethics.
d. logic; reality. |
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Definition
|
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Term
211. All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Wolpe. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
212. Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled "The Interpretatoin of Dreams" was his most influential work. Dreams have
a. manifest and latent content.
b. preconscious and unconscious factors.
c. id and ego.
d. superego and id. |
|
Definition
| a. manifest and latent content. |
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Term
213. When a client projects feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called
a. free association.
b. insight.
c. transference.
d. resistance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
214. Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Schreber. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
215. In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy
a. utilizes fewer sessions per week.
b. does not utilize the couch.
c. is performed face to face.
d. all of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
216. Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
b. resistance.
c. accurate empathy.
d. reflection of emotional content. |
|
Definition
| a. catharsis and/or abreaction. |
|
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Term
217. Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ______ is to topographical theory.
a. Child, Adult, Parent.
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection.
c. ego ideal.
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious. |
|
Definition
| d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious. |
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|
Term
218. The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is
a. catharsis.
b. the Oedipus complex.
c. the notion of the preconscious mind.
d. the interpretation of dreams. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
219. Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these except
a. hypnosis.
b. slips of the tongue and humor.
c. dreams.
d. subjective units of distress scale. |
|
Definition
| d. subjective units of distress scale. |
|
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Term
220. In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silenced for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the
a. preconscious mind.
b. ego ideal.
c. conscious mind.
d. unconscious mind. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
221. Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called
a. slips of the tongue.
b. ego defense mechanisms.
c. id defense processes.
d. latent dream material. |
|
Definition
| b. ego defense mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
222. Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to the Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
a. repression.
b. reaction formation.
c. denial.
d. sublimation. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
223. Suppression differs from repression in that
a. suppression is stronger.
b. repression only occurs in children.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
d. all of the above. |
|
Definition
| c. repression is automatic or involuntary. |
|
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Term
224. An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because he is sadistic is displaying
a. suppression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation.
d. displacement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
225. An advertising psychologist secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise his center's chemical dependency program. This is the practice of
a. sublimation.
b. repression.
c. introjection.
d. none of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
226. A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a one dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of
a. displacement.
b. denial.
c. identification.
d. a Type II error. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
227. A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A students are egghead." This demonstrates
a. introjection.
b. reaction formation.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
d. sweet lemon rationalization. |
|
Definition
| c. sour grapes rationalization. |
|
|
Term
228. A master's level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
a. sour grapes rationalization.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. repression.
d. sublimation. |
|
Definition
| b. sweet lemon rationalization. |
|
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Term
229. A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by
a. denial.
b. displacement of anger.
c. sublimation.
d. organ inferiority. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
230. ______ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.
a. Repression.
b. Sour grapes rationalization.
c. Projection.
d. Denial. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
231. Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
a. reaction formation.
b. introjection.
c. projection.
d. rationalization. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
232. Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
a. reaction formation.
b. compensation.
c. projection.
d. rationalization. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
233. Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in
a. projection.
b. displacement.
c. introjection.
d. identification. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
234. A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of
a. introjection.
b. repression.
c. rationalization.
d. displacement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
235. The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as
a. resistance.
b. sublimation.
c. projection.
d. individuation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
236. Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that
a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo.
b. he failed to emphasize sex.
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.
d. he was pro female. |
|
Definition
| c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint. |
|
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Term
237. The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
a. help the therapist appear genuine.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors.
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood. |
|
Definition
| b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes. |
|
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Term
238. Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
a. C.G. Jung's analytical psychology.
b. Alfred Adler's individual psychology.
c. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
d. Josef Breuer's work on hysteria. |
|
Definition
| b. Alfred Adler's individual psychology. |
|
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Term
239. When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
a. individual psychology.
b. confrontation.
c. transference neurosis.
d. insight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
240. C.G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ______ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the ______ principle.
a. Eros; Thanatos.
b. Logos; Eros.
c. reality; pleasure.
d. transference; countertransference. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
241. Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
a. mandalas.
b. projective drawings.
c. unconscious automatic writing.
d. eidetic imagery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
242. ______ emphasized the drive for superiority.
a. Jung.
b. Adler.
c. Constructivist therapists.
d. Freud and Jung. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
243. The statement, "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction" describes
a. Sigmund Freud's theory.
b. Alfred Adler's theory.
c. insight.
d. Carl Jung's theory. |
|
Definition
| b. Alfred Adler's theory. |
|
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Term
244. In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
a. baseline measures.
b. social factors.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. insight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
245. The terms "introversion" and "extroversion" are associated with
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
246. The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
247. One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs,
a. created the TAT.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
c. was a noted Freud hater.
d. created the hierarchy of needs. |
|
Definition
| b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice. |
|
|
Term
248. Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
a. superiority.
b. social connectedness.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. animus. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
249. Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to
a.exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class.
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10 to 20 minutes before the speech.
c. practice rational self-talk.
d. practice rational thinking. |
|
Definition
| a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class. |
|
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Term
250. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ______ and women to deny their masculine side known as ______.
a. Eros; Thanatos
b. animus; anima
c. anima; animus
d. yin; yang |
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Definition
|
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Term
251. Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
a. a hierarchy of needs.
b. instinctual.
c. paradox.
d. archetypes. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
252. Common archetypes include
a. the persona-the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
b. animus, anima, self.
c. shadow-the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired.
d. all of the above. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
253. A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor's verbal response is known as
a. active listening.
b. confrontation.
c. accurate empathy.
d. summarization. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
254. During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor
a. is using the logic set forth in gestalt therapy.
b. is using Donald Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification.
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution. |
|
Definition
| d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution. |
|
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Term
255. An eclectic counselor
a. is analytic.
b. is behavioristic.
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation.
d. insists on including all family members in the treatment. |
|
Definition
| c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation. |
|
|
Term
256. The word "eclectic" is most closely associated with
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
b. Freud.
c. Piaget.
d. Skinner. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
257. A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of
a. cognitive dissonance.
b. transference.
c. countertransference.
d. positive transference. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
258. Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Thorne and Lazarus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
259. A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely
a. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind.
b. an Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation.
c. Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship.
d. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract. |
|
Definition
| b. an Adlerian that believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation. |
|
|
Term
260. Existentialism is to logotherapy as ______ is to behaviorism.
a. operants
b. associationism
c. Skinner
d. Socrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
261. B.F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on
a. Edward Thorndike's law of effect.
b. Adler's concept of lifestyle.
c. Arnold Lazarus's concept of the BASIC ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic.
d. symptom substitution. |
|
Definition
| a. Edward Thorndike's law of effect. |
|
|
Term
262. Classical conditioning relates to the work of
a. E.G. Williamson.
b. B.F. Skinner.
c. Frankl.
d. Ivan Pavlov. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
263. An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented, is called
a. an operant.
b. conditioned.
c. unconditioned.
d. acquisition period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
264. Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as
a. instrumental learning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. cognitive learning.
d. learning via insight. |
|
Definition
| a. instrumental learning. |
|
|
Term
265. Respondent behavior refers to
a. reflexes.
b. operants.
c. a type of phobia.
d. punishment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
266. All reinforcers
a. are plastic tokens.
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur.
c. are secondary.
d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers behavior. |
|
Definition
| b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur. |
|
|
Term
267. Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcemenet is not used as often as positive reinforcement and
a. is really the same as punishment.
b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children.
c. is not the same thing as punishment.
d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization. |
|
Definition
| c. is not the same thing as punishment. |
|
|
Term
268. Punishment
a. is the same as negative reinforcement.
b. is much more effective than reinforcement.
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.
d. is used extensively in reality therapy. |
|
Definition
| c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur. |
|
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Term
269. In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ______, and the meat was the ______.
a. CS; UCS
b. UCS; CS
c. CR; UCS
d. UCS; CR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
270. The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US
a. is irrelevant - it does not influence the learning process.
b. is 5 seconds.
c. is the .05 level according to social scientists.
d. is .5 or 1/2 of a second. |
|
Definition
| d. is .5 or 1/2 of a second. |
|
|
Term
271. Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (i.e., the meat) before the CS (i.e., the bell). This usually results in
a. increased learning.
b. anger on the part of the dog.
c. experimental neurosis.
d. no conditioning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
272. Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened?
a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in.
b. extinction.
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation.
d. stimulus discrimination. |
|
Definition
| c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation. |
|
|
Term
273. The department chairman found the poodle's response (see question 272) to his horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was now demonstrating
a. experimental neurosis.
b. irradiation.
c. pica.
d. stimulus discrimination. |
|
Definition
| d. stimulus discrimination. |
|
|
Term
274. The department chair was further amused by the poodle's tendency to be able to discriminate one CS from another (see question 273). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student's Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case
a. experimental neurosis set in.
b. irradiation became a reality.
c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role.
d. a covert process confounded the experiment. |
|
Definition
| a. experimental neurosis set in. |
|
|
Term
275. In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as
a. instrumental learning via shaping.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear.
d. negative reinforcement. |
|
Definition
| c. extinction, and the salivation will disappear. |
|
|
Term
276. John B. Watson's name is associated with
a. Little Hans.
b. Anna O.
c. Little Albert.
d. b and c. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
277. During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing
a. negative reinforcement.
b. chaining.
c. reciprocal inhibition.
d. extinction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
278. In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ______, while behavior therapy emphasizes ______.
a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles
c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
d. a and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
279. A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished
a. using hypnosis.
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention.
c. using a biofeedback device.
d. counterconditioning. |
|
Definition
| b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention. |
|
|
Term
280. The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by
a. E. Thorndike.
b. Joseph Wolpe.
c. Neal Miller.
d. Ivan Pavlov. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
281. The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that
a. a phobia could be a learned behavior.
b. it provided concret proof that Skinner's model was correct.
c. it provided proof that Pavlov's model was correct.
d. none of the above. |
|
Definition
| a. a phobia could be a learned behavior. |
|
|
Term
282. John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to
a. cure.
b. Skinner.
c. Piaget.
d. NLP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
283. In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate
a. panic disorder with agoraphobia.
b. stimulus generalization.
c. an adjustment reaction.
d. stimulus discrimination. |
|
Definition
| b. stimulus generalization. |
|
|
Term
284. A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on
a. Pavlov's dogs.
b. Mary Cover Jones.
c. John B. Watson.
d. Freud's topographic hypothesis. |
|
Definition
| d. Freud's topographic hypothesis. |
|
|
Term
285. When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means
a. she is nondirective.
b. she is very directive.
c. a treatment model.
d. she is not a depth psychologist. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
286. A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past six months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?" The counselor is
a. using interpretation.
b. using summarization.
c. using concreteness.
d. using a depth psychology paradigm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
287. A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using
a. concreteness.
b. a directive.
c. interpretation.
d. parroting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
288. ______ is a biofeedback device.
a. A bathroom scale
b. A DVD player
c. A digital clock
d. An analyst's couch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
289. Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of
a. punishment.
b. biofeedback.
c. a Pavlovian strategy.
d. positive reinforcement. |
|
Definition
| d. positive reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
290. Genuineness, or congruence, is really
a. identical to concreteness.
b. selective empathy.
c. the counselor's ability to be himself or herself.
d. an archaic Freudian notion. |
|
Definition
| c. the counselor's ability to be himself or herself. |
|
|
Term
291. Empathy is
a. the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client.
b. behavioristic.
c. a and b.
d. the same as sympathy. |
|
Definition
| a. the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client. |
|
|
Term
| 292. When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ______, and when something is taken away it is called a ______. a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer c. extinction; shaping d. classical conditioning; operant conditioning |
|
Definition
| b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer |
|
|
Term
293. After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov's, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called
a. extinction.
b. token reinforcement.
c. biofeedback.
d. higher order conditioning. |
|
Definition
| d. higher order conditioning. |
|
|
Term
294. A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize
a. a temperature trainer.
b. EMG feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
d. EKG feedback. |
|
Definition
| a. a temperature trainer. |
|
|
Term
295. A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on
a. the Jacobson relaxation method.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EMG feedback.
d. a simple yet effective mood ring. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
296. According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure
a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior.
b. a higher-probability behvior is reinforced by a lower probability behavior.
c. a and b are paradoxically both effective.
d. none of the above. |
|
Definition
| a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior. |
|
|
Term
297. A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize
a. EMG feedback.
b. GSR feedback.
c. EEG feedback.
d. EKG feedback. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
298. A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules of reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as
a. an intermittent schedule.
b. an extinction schedule.
c. continuous reinforcement.
d. thinning. |
|
Definition
| c. continuous reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
299. The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the ______, based on the number of responses and the ______, based on the time elapsed.
a. ratio; interval
b. interval; ratio
c. continuous; ratio
d. interval; continuous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
300. The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the
a. fixed ratio, for example giving a child an M&M for each five math problems she completes.
b. fixed interval, which describes the way most agency counselors are paid (e.g., one time per month, although the amount of work may vary from month to month).
c. variable interval.
d. variable ratio. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
301. Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for
a. standard units of dysfunction.
b. a given hierarchy of dysfunction.
c. subjective units of distress scale.
d. standard units of dysfunction scale. |
|
Definition
| c. subjective units of distress scale. |
|
|
Term
302. A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as
a. a primary reinforcer.
b. covert processing.
c. secondary reinforcement.
d. SUDS. |
|
Definition
| c. secondary reinforcement. |
|
|
Term
303. A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is
a. a negative reinforcer.
b. a back-up reinforcer.
c. an average stimulus.
d. a conditioned reinforcer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
304. An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called
a. systematic desensitization.
b. biofeedback.
c. back-up reinforcement.
d. aversive conditioning. |
|
Definition
| d. aversive conditioning. |
|
|
Term
305. A counselor decides to treat a client's phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe's technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be
a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.
b. imagining that she is boarding the plane.
c. imagining a flight in an airplane.
d. an actual flight in an airplane. |
|
Definition
| a. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations. |
|
|
Term
306. A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as
a. conscious rehearsal.
b. behavioral rehearsal.
c. fixed role therapy.
d. a and b. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
307. Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps:
a. autogenic training, desensitization in the imagination, and construction of the hierarchy.
b. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, in vivo desensitization, and desensitization in imagination.
c. relaxation training, desensitization in imagination, and construction of hierarchy.
d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization. |
|
Definition
| d. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization. |
|
|
Term
308. ______ is behavioral sex therapy.
a. classical vegotherapy
b. orgone box therapy
c. conditioned reflex therapy
d. sensate focus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
309. A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called
a. behavioral rehearsal.
b. in vivo sensitization.
c. covert sensitization.
d. in vivo desensitization. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
310. One distinction between flooding (also known as "deliberate exposure with response prevention" in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that
a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination.
b. flooding is always conducted in the imagination.
c. flooding is always safer.
d. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous. |
|
Definition
| a. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination. |
|
|
Term
311. Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because
a. ACA ethics forbid the use of this technique.
b. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of operant conditioning.
c. extinction works more quickly.
d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression. |
|
Definition
| d. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression. |
|
|
Term
312. A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that
a. the counselor is sympathetic rather than empathetic.
b. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions.
c. the counselor's timing is poor in terms of interpretation.
d. she is summarizing too early in the counseling process. |
|
Definition
| b. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions. |
|
|
Term
313. A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girl friend. The counselor responds, "Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?" This is an example of
a. EMDR.
b. accurate empathy.
c. confrontation.
d. sympathy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
314. A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client's statements verbatim when he responds. This is known as
a. desirable attending behavior.
b. parroting and is not recommended.
c. level 3 on the empathy scale.
d. paradoxical intention. |
|
Definition
| b. parroting and is not recommended. |
|
|
Term
315. Viktor Frankl is the Father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means
a. healing through meaning.
b. healing through the unconscious.
c. logic cures.
d. all of the above. |
|
Definition
| a. healing through meaning. |
|
|
Term
316. All of these philosophers are existentialists except
a. Plato and Epictetus.
b. Sartre, Buber, Binswanger, and Boss.
c. Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Tillich.
d. Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
317. Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is reductionistic, simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for
a. being too short-term.
b. overemphasizing techniques.
c. ignoring group strategies.
d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures. |
|
Definition
| d. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures. |
|
|
Term
318. Existentialists focus primarily on
a. the teenage years.
b. the client's perception in the here-and-now.
c. childhood traumas.
d. uplifting childhood memories. |
|
Definition
| b. the client's perception in the here-and-now. |
|
|
Term
319. Existential counselors as well as Rogerian Person-Centered counselors adhere to what Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that
a. the counselor is seen as a highly trained expert with answers.
b. the relationship is vertical.
c. the relationship is horizontal.
d. empathy is not necessary. |
|
Definition
| c. the relationship is horizontal. |
|
|
Term
320. Frankl is an existentialist. So are
a. Ellis and Perls.
b. Perls and Stampfl.
c. Yalom and May.
d. Janov and Beck. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
321. Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the ______ world, the Mitwelt or the ______ world, and the Eigenwelt or the ______ world.
a. unconscious; preconscious; conscious
b. id; ego; superego
c. self-identity; relationship; physical
d. physical; relationship; identity |
|
Definition
| d. physical; relationship; identity |
|
|
Term
322. Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him
a. the value of S-R psychological paradigms.
b. that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response.
c. that blaming others can be truly therapeutic.
d. how to blame the environment for our difficulties. |
|
Definition
| b. that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response. |
|
|
Term
323. Existential counselors emphasize the clients'
a. free choice, decision, and will.
b. transference.
c. slips of tongue.
d. latent dream symbolism. |
|
Definition
| a. free choice, decision, and will. |
|
|
Term
324. Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is
a. mental visualization for the treatment of cancer.
b. the impact of cancer on emotions.
c. a cancerous growth in the brain.
d. the philosophy of being and existing. |
|
Definition
| d. the philosophy of being and existing. |
|
|
Term
325. Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to
a. rational therapy.
b. reality therapy.
c. rational-emotive imagery.
d. RBT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
326. Reality therapy has incorporated
a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory.
b. rational imagery.
c. TA principles.
d. rolfing. |
|
Definition
| a. control theory, later referred to as choice theory. |
|
|
Term
327. All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true except
a. the client's childhood is explored.
b. excuses are not accepted.
c. the unconscious is avoided.
d. therapy is concerned primarily with the here-and-now. |
|
Definition
| a. the client's childhood is explored. |
|
|
Term
328. A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using
a. contracting.
b. confrontation.
c. paraphrasing.
d. parroting. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
329. Most experts would agree that ______ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors.
a. paraphrasing by the counselor
b. open-ended questions
c. role rehearsal
d. silence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
330. When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on
a. failures.
b. irrational internal verbalizations.
c. transference issues.
d. successful behaviors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
331. Glasser's position on mental illness is that
a. it is best explained by DSM guidelines.
b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
c. it is best explained by ICD categories.
d. it is the result of a deep internal conflict. |
|
Definition
| b. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible. |
|
|
Term
332. The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is
a. detached but very empathic.
b. like that of a warm caring mother.
c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.
d. friendly, nevertheless punishment is used when it is appropriate. |
|
Definition
| c. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong. |
|
|
Term
333. Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote
a. Choice Theory.
b. The Interpretation of Dreams.
c. Positive Addiction.
d. Schools Without Failure. |
|
Definition
| d. Schools Without Failure. |
|
|
Term
234. Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts
a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up.
b. that some problems will not respond to any known plan of action.
c. that counselors should contract with the client for no more than five counseling sessions.
d. that a client who does not respond to the first seven steps is most likely a borderline personality. |
|
Definition
| a. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up. |
|
|
Term
335. According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be
a. jogging.
b. gambling.
c. playing the office football pool.
d. playing professional football. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
336. When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using
a. paraphrasing.
b. reflection.
c. summarization.
d. confrontation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
337. Glasser felt the responsible person will have a ______ identity.
a. failure
b. success
c. diffused
d. crisis-oriented |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
338. William Glasser; M.D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph.D., is to
a. Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT).
b. Transactional analysis (TA).
c. Assertiveness training (AT).
d. Gestalt therapy. |
|
Definition
| a. Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT). |
|
|
Term
339. In Albert Ellis's rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as
a. self-talk.
b. internal verbalizations.
c. impulses.
d. a and b. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
340. The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be
a. Buber.
b. Epictetus, a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think.
c. Locke.
d. Jaspers. |
|
Definition
| b. Epictetus, a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think. |
|
|
Term
341. REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the ______, B is the ______, and C is the ______.
a. affect; belief; control
b. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
c. affect; behavior; control
d. authenticity; belief; emotional consequence |
|
Definition
| b. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence |
|
|
Term
342. The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, ______ leads to E, ______.
a. the dogmatic attitude; effective behavior
b. direct living; evaluation
c. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence
d. the emotional disease; a new emotional consequence |
|
Definition
| c. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence |
|
|
Term
343. A counselor instructs her client to read "A Guide to Rational Living" by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of
a. bibliotherapy.
b. countertransference.
c. musturbation.
d. concreteness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
344. Shoulds and oughts are ______ according to Ellis.
a. musturbations
b. masturbations
c. awfulizations
d. rational |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
345. A client says, "I lost my job and it's the most terrible thing in the world." This client is engaging in
a. rational self-talk.
b. self-induced empathy.
c. cognitive restructuring.
d. awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing. |
|
Definition
| d. awfulizing and terriblizing, also known as catastrophizing. |
|
|
Term
346. Bibliotherapy is a form of
a. psychodynamic intervention.
b. homework.
c. displacement.
d. musturbation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
347. Ellis feels that ______ is at the core of emotional disturbance.
a. a trauma before age 5
b. a current traumatic activating event
c. irrational thinking at point B
d. repression of key feelings |
|
Definition
| c. irrational thinking at point B |
|
|
Term
348. Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to
a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
b. keeping a journal of irrational thoughts.
c. allowing the client to purge feelings.
d. uncovering relevant unconscious material. |
|
Definition
| a. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones. |
|
|
Term
349. Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist's new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since
a. he does not believe in the scientific method.
b. the study would not take transference into account.
c. Ellis thoroughly dislikes hypothesis testing.
d. only man thinks in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord). |
|
Definition
| d. only man thinks in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord). |
|
|
Term
350. Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ______ are to Glasser's Choice Theory.
a. contracting
b. pictures in your mind
c. lack of punishment
d. a therapeutic plan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
351. Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to
a. RBT.
b. AT.
c. TA.
d. S-R research. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
352. Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic therapist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that
a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.
b. the Oedipus complex is central to the treatment process.
c. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of phobia.
d. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of anxiety. |
|
Definition
| a. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational. |
|
|
Term
353. The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation is
a. Albert Ellis.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr.
d. Aaron T. Beck. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
354. Eric Berne created transactual analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books "Games People Play" and "What Do You Say After You Say Hello?" TA therapists are most likely to incorporate ______ in the treatment process.
a. Meichenbaum's self-instructional therapy
b. reality therapy
c. gestalt therapy
d. vegotherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
355. Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the ______.
a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent
b. Critical Parent and the Repressed Parent
c. Reactive Parent and the Active Parent
d. Passive Parent and the Active Parent |
|
Definition
| a. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent |
|
|
Term
356. The Adult ego state
a. contains the "shoulds" and "oughts."
b. is the seat of feelings.
c. is like Freud's superego.
d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings. |
|
Definition
| d. processes facts and does not focus on feelings. |
|
|
Term
357. The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as
a. the Natural Child.
b. the Adapted Child.
c. the Little Professor.
d. all of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
358. TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions
a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel.
b. are known as crossed transactions.
c. are always between the Child and Adult ego states.
d. are always empathic. |
|
Definition
| a. occur where vectors of communication run parallel. |
|
|
Term
359. TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book, "I'm OK-You're OK". The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position "I'm OK-You're Not OK";
a. is generally self-abusive.
b. blames others for misery.
c. generally engages in self-mutilation.
d. is generally suicidal. |
|
Definition
| b. blames others for misery. |
|
|
Term
360. A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Karpman's triangle would say
a. the man is stuck in the "I'm Not OK-You're Not OK" life position.
b. the Critical Parent is dominating.
c. the man is obviously an adult child of an alcoholic.
d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role. |
|
Definition
| d. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role. |
|
|
Term
361. A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of aciton?
a. the empty chair technique.
b. an ego state analysis.
c. contracting.
d. formal assertiveness training. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
362. A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games?
a. In a first-degree game someone gets seriously hurt.
b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game.
c. For a game to occur, three people must be involved.
d. Games always involve parallel vectors of communication. |
|
Definition
| b. In a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game. |
|
|
Term
363. Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
a. rackets.
b. life scripts.
c. the little professor.
d. an analysis of variance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
364. A life script is actually
a. an ulterior transaction.
b. an ego state.
c. a life drama or plot.
d. a series of parallel transactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
365. Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to
a. the empty chair technique.
b. Gestalt therapy.
c. the underdog.
d. the top dog. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
366. Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of
a. Perls and Berne.
b. Ellis and Harper.
c. Frankl and May.
d. Carkhuff and Gazda. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
367. The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of
a. Bandler and Grindler's neurolinguistic programming.
b. New language programs for computer therapy.
c. New language psychotherapy software.
d. neurological psychotherapy. |
|
Definition
| a. Bandler and Grindler's neurolinguistic programming. |
|
|
Term
368. A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's projection via
a. playing the projection technique.
b. the empty chair technique.
c. converting questions to statements.
d. a behavioral contract. |
|
Definition
| a. playing the projection technique. |
|
|
Term
369. A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely
a. ask the client to recount the dream.
b. urge the client to engage in thought-stopping.
c. prescribe relaxation homework.
d. urge the client to stay with the feeling. |
|
Definition
| d. urge the client to stay with the feeling. |
|
|
Term
370. Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles
a. successive approximation.
b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
c. free association.
d. paraphrasing with emotional reflection. |
|
Definition
| b. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson. |
|
|
Term
371. A client who is undergoing gestalt therapy states, "It is difficult to get a job in New York City," would be asked by the counselor to
a. go to the O*NET website (http://www.online.onetcenter.org) which is the replacement for the DOT and is now the nation's primary source of occupational information.
b. change the verbalization to an "I" statement.
c. read the OOH.
d. take the Strong Interest Inventory (SII). |
|
Definition
| b. change the verbalization to an "I" statement. |
|
|
Term
372. Gestalt Therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here-and-now incorporates
a. psychodrama.
b. Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy, which asserts that maladaptive thinking creates emotional disturbance and thus clients should record dysfunctional thoughts.
c. Conditioned Reflex Therapy.
d. Client-Centered Therapy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
373. According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt would be engaging in
a. sublimation.
b. a panic reaction.
c. retroflection.
d. repression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
374. Gestalt means
a. a group.
b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.
c. a dyad.
d. visual acuity. |
|
Definition
| b. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole. |
|
|
Term
375. Perls suggested ______ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.
a. four layers of neurosis
b. three layers of neurosis
c. two layers of neurosis
d. five layers of neurosis |
|
Definition
| d. five layers of neurosis |
|
|
Term
376. In Gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as
a. unfinished business.
b. the emerging gestalt.
c. form/figure language.
d. the top dog. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
377. Gestalt therapy emphasizes
a. cognitive-behavioral issues.
b. transference issues.
c. traumatic childhood memories.
d. awareness in the here-and-now and dream work. |
|
Definition
| d. awareness in the here-and-now and dream work. |
|
|
Term
378. The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of
a. behavioral self-control.
b. choice theory.
c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.
d. the rehearsal experiment. |
|
Definition
| c. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique. |
|
|
Term
379. Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an affective treatment that
a. often fails to emphasize the importance of dreams.
b. ignores nonverbal behavior.
c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.
d. uses the making the rounds technique that is not appropriate for group work. |
|
Definition
| c. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns. |
|
|
Term
380. Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during
a. the late 1970s.
b. the late 1960s.
c. the 1980s.
d. the mid-1950s. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
381. The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress ______ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor.
a. faster.
b. slower.
c. at the same pace.
d. a and b. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
382. The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called ______ then ______, and in 1974 it changed to ______.
a. nondirective counseling; client-centered therapy; the person-centered approach.
b. directive; nondirective; client-centered.
c. person-centered; Rogerian, nondirectived.
d. client-centered; person-centered; nondirective. |
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Definition
| a. nondirective counseling; client-centered therapy; the person-centered approach. |
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Term
383. Rogers' approach is characterized as a(n) ______ approach.
a. existential or humanistic
b. cognitive
c. cognitive behavioral
d. neodynamic |
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Definition
| a. existential or humanistic |
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Term
384. Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?
a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice.
b. Advice is given a lot.
c. Reflection is rarely utilized.
d. Closed-ended questions keep the sessions moving at a fast pace. |
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Definition
| a. Reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice. |
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Term
385. In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must possess
a. the skill to be confrontational.
b. the ability to give advice.
c. the ability to do formal psychological testing.
d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship." |
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Definition
| d. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship." |
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Term
386. Rogers viewed man as
a. basically evil.
b. driven by instincts.
c. a product of reinforcement.
d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment. |
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Definition
| d. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment. |
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Term
387. A person-centered therapist would
a. treat neurotics differently from psychotics.
b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles.
c. use more closed-ended questions with adjustment reactions.
d. use contracting with clients who are not making progress. |
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Definition
| b. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles. |
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Term
388. Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when
a. external behavior matches an internal response or state.
b. the counselor uses silence.
c. the counselor reflects emotion.
d. the counselor summarizes at the end of the session. |
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Definition
| a. external behavior matches an internal response or state. |
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Term
389. Rogers felt that ______ for client change to occur.
a. conditions must be in accordance with the problem.
b. three conditions are necessary.
c. nine conditions are necessary.
d. two conditions are necessary. |
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Definition
| b. three conditions are necessary. |
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Term
390. Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with:
a. a bright verbal male.
b. a bright verbal female.
c. a graduate student who had a knowledge of phrenology.
d. a client who is not very verbal. |
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Definition
| d. a client who is not very verbal. |
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Term
391. Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that
a. it does not emphasize relationship concerns.
b. some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling.
c. more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations.
d. b and c. |
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Definition
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Term
392. Counselors who work as consultants
a. generally adhere to reality therapy.
b. generally adhere to one single theory.
c. generally adhere to consultation theory.
d. generally do not adhere to one single theory. |
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Definition
| d. generally do not adhere to one single theory. |
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Term
393. Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a ______ setting.
a. group
b. work/organizational
c. continuing care
d. residential |
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Definition
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Term
394. Attending behavior that is verbal is also called
a. verbal tracking.
b. clarifying.
c. reflection.
d. paraphrasing. |
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Definition
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Term
395. The counselor's social power is related to
a. age.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
c. sex and age.
d. degree of directiveness. |
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Definition
| b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. |
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Term
396. Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor's self-image are
a. choice of a modality and a learning disability.
b. age and the lack of a doctoral degree.
c. lack of NCC.
d. competence, power, and intimacy. |
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Definition
| d. competence, power, and intimacy. |
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Term
397. A counselor who is genuine
a. does not role-play someone he or she is not, so as to be accepted by the client.
b. does not change his or her true values from session to session.
c. is not empathic.
d. a and b. |
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Definition
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Term
398. Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy -
a. positive, negative regard, and cognitive.
b. reflective, micro-empathy, and forced choice.
c. basic, subtractive, and additive.
d. micro-empathy, basic, and level 8 empathy. |
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Definition
| c. basic, subtractive, and additive. |
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Term
399. ______ and ______ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy.
a. Truax; Carkhuff
b. Rogers; Berenson
c. Rogers; Brill
d. Carkhuff; Satir |
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Definition
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Term
400. The human relations core for effective counseling includes
a. power, competence, and trustworthiness.
b. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
c. empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.
d. self-image, self-talk, and attending behavior. |
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Definition
| c. empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness. |
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