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Definition
| This is Victor Frankl's Logotherapy the existential vacuum is the third stage that an individual experiences when they are unable to find meaning in life, and is characterized by the individual doubting that life has meaning as well as a loss of interest and lack of initiative and eventually becomes a "noogenic neurosis." |
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| In Frankls logotherapy, Paradoxical intention is a therapy technique where the therapist encourages the patient to intend or wish for exactly what they fear in order to counteract hyper-intention, or the anticipatory anxiety caused by the fear which in fact ensures that the feared event will occur. |
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| In Frank's Logotherapy, the term Dasein is an existentialism term that means "being in the world," and can be further broken down into 3 types of being; Unwelt (physical), Mitwelt (meaning of relationships), and Eigenwelt (one's relationship with self). |
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| According to Bandler and Grinder's Neuro-Linguistic Programming theroy, respresentational systems are a programming model that states that people organize their experiences into representational systems according to one or more sensory mode, and that people tend to use one primary sensory mode in doing this. The quality and attributes of these representations are called modalities. |
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| According to Bandler and Grinder's Neuro-Linguistic Programming theory, distortion is one of three internal filters that determine how we experience information, and is a shift in an experience of sensory data in which information is distorted based on the individual's perspective |
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| In Bandler and Grinders Neuro-linguistic programming theory, matching is a therapy technique used to gain rapport with the client on an unconscious level. Matching involves the therapist matching a client's primary representational system |
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Term
| Interpersonal Relationships |
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Definition
| According to Sullivan's interpersonal theory, interpersonal relationships, or the series of interactions with other people, are the source of personality development as well as the source of psychological disorders when there is conflict between the interpersonal relationships and the individual. A person's needs and developmental tasks are met in a series of two interpersonal relationships: mothering-one, and sexual partnership. |
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| According to Sullivan's interpersonal theory, the mothering-one is one of two types of two-person relationships that meet anindividuals needs and developemental tasks, and is defined as a significant adult personality who cooperates to keep the individual alive as an infant. The mothering one can provide relief to the infant in the form of interpersonal security, but can also induce anxiety in the infant through their own tension and anxiety. |
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| According to Glasser's Reality therapy, irresponsibility is a mentally unhealthy individual engaging in the seven deadly habits. Glasser did not believe in mental illness and labled individuals as either responsible or irresponsible. A responsible person must be present to assist an irresponsible person meeting their needs. Basic needs are to love and be loved and to feel wothwhile to self and others. If these needs are not fulfilled a person is considered irresponsible. A person's quality world must be met in order to be considered responsible. |
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| According to Glasser's Reality therapy, responsibility describes a mentally helathy individual engaging in the seven healthy habits. The basic needs of being loved and loving others and feeling wothwile to self and others are fulfilled. A person's quality world must be met in order to be responsible. |
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| Glasser, Reality Therapy: Glasser developed Choice theory to supplement Reality Therapy, and it is the idea that all behavior is a choice or an active decision made by individuals. The past does not matter as those actions are not current and connot be changed (they are not based in reality). Others cannot force our actions although past events have shaped how we choose. |
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| According to Moreno's Psychodrama, psychodrama is where the patient is called the protagonist and is invited to share their personal world in attempts to validate individuality and deal with their personal world in attempts to validate individuality and deal with personal problems through personal catharsis. There are 5 instruments; the state, the subjects, the director, the auxiliary egos, and the audience. There are three stages involved in psychodrama; the warm up, action, and sharing. Common techniques are roleplaying, mirroring, and shadowing. |
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| According to Moreno's psychodrama, there are 4 universals, the first being time, which consists of past, present, and future, all of which are equally important when performing psychodrama. According to Moreno, we do not want to focus solely on the cause of a problem in the past, but instead need to practice future events and construct techniques that help us to live in the future and act as if the future is at hand. |
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Definition
| According to Moreno's psychodrama, there are 4 universal, the fourth being cosmos, which states there is is no sex, age , finalities of life and death, hallucinations or delusions. Cosmos all ow the patient in the psychodrama to escape the binds of their lives. Men can play women, the young can play od, the unborn or dead can exist on the stage. If a protagonist needs to have a convrsation with a part of themselves, this is possible in psychodrama. |
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| Interpersonal relationship |
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Definition
| In sullivans interpersonal theory, interpersonal relationships are the emphasis of both the theory and therapy. Thee relationships help develop one's personality. The problem in living is caused by a problem in one's interpersonal relationships. Interperonal relationships invlolve signitifcant people, parents, and people who replace them in the constant repetition of these early relationships throughout life. |
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Definition
| According to Sullivan's interpersonal theory, the self system is the part of the personality born entirely out of the influences of significant others upon one's feeling of well-being. Without significant others, there can be no delvelopment of a self system. Interpersonal anixiety causes the self-system to fluctuate and interpersonal security stabilizes it. |
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Definition
| one of the three types of irrational beliefs. This is where an individual believes that if a specific event occurs it would be 100% bad. Awfulizing can lead to ego disturbances, and results in inappropriate consequences according to the ABC model |
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| In Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior therapy, irrational beliefs are one of the two types of beliefs in REBT. These are beliefs that are absolute and prevent an individual from achieving their goals. All psychological distrubances are caused by irrational beliefs. |
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| According to Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior therapy, acceptance is one of the three types of rational beliefs, and occurs when and individual accepts themselves, others, and the world as fallible, and, therefore does not assign an inclusive negative rating to any of these subjects in the case that a displeasing event occurs. Acceptance is the opposite of damnation. |
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Definition
| Accoring to Linehan's Dialectial Behavior Therapy, parasuicidal is a term used to describe nonfatal, intentional self-injurious behavior resulting in actual tissue damage, illness, or risk of death or any ingestion of drugs or other substances not prescribed or in excess of prescription with clear intention to cause bodily harm or death |
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Definition
| According to Linehan's Dialectical Behavior Therapy, core mindfulness is learning to be in the moment, balance the emotional mind and the reasonable mind to achieve the wise mind. Mindfulness focuses on observing, describing, and participating by taking a nonjudgmental stance, focusing on one thing in the moment, and being effective |
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Definition
| According to Linhan's Dialectical Behavior Therapy, distress tolerance is accepting, finding meaning for, and tolerating distress when it can not be entirely avoided or removed. In DBT the goal is to bear pain skillfully by accepting in a nonjudgmental and nonevaluative fashion. |
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Term
| Constructive alternativism |
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Definition
According to Kelly's personal construct theory, Constructive alternativism is the idea that, while there is only one true reality, reality is always experienced from one or another perspective, or alternative construction. Yet no-one's construction is ever complete -- the world is just too complicated, too big, for anyone to have the perfect perspective. And no-one's perspective is ever to be completely ignored. Each perspective is, in fact, a perspective on the ultimate reality, and has some value to that person in that time and place. Some constructions are better than others, but none are ever complete.
In fact, Kelly says, there are an infinite number of alternative constructions one may take towards the world, and if ours is not doing a very good job, we can take another! This is the basic philosophy of Kelly's theory |
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Definition
| According to Kelly's personal construct theory, core constructs are part of an individual's construction system, which is where experiences are stored in the form of constructs. Core constructs Core constructs, on the other hand, are the constructs that are most significant to an individual, that to one extent or another actually define an individual. Core constructs is the closest Kelly comes to talking about a self. When an individual does things that are not in keeping with their core constructs they experience guilt. Anxiety is experienced when an individual anticipates major changes coming to their core constructs or becomes suddenly aware that their core constructs are not functioning well. |
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Definition
| According to Kelly's Personal Construct Theory, personality change may occur as life events move in unanticipated directions. When this happens there are 3 types of cycles involved in personality change; effective Action, or The C-P-C Cycle, Loosening and Tightening Constructs; or the Creativity Cycle, and the experience cycle, which involves an individually working scientifically to change their own constructs. |
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Term
| Organismic Valuing Process |
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Definition
| According to Roger's Person centered therapy, the ovp is an element of personality development that is innate, and is the ability for an individual to determine wich experiences do or do not enhance the self. The OVP persists throughout life. When an individual experiences conditions of worth that do not match the ovp, psychological conflict arises. |
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Definition
| According to Carl Rogers's Person Centered therapy, the need for positive regard is a part of the self that necessitates attitudes such as warmth, respect, sympathy, and acceptance from others. Often the positive regard of others will be conditional and at odds with the individuals own ovp. |
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Term
| Conditional positive regard |
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Definition
| According to Rogers's Person Centered Therapy, conditional positive regard is one of two forms of positive regard (conditional and unconditional), where the individual experiences positive regard from others only if they act in a certain way, which is often contradictory to the OVP. Because individuals experience such a strong need for positive regard, it will be accepted in whatever form offered (conditional or unconditional). Repetitive experience of conditional positive regard and increace in the intensity of conditional positive regard leads to the conditions becoming internalized as conditionals of worth. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Rogers's Person Centered Therapy, is the wiew of oneself obtained from significant others. During early childhood, an individual's parents and siblings become he "mirror" through which we come to value or devalue our own actions, beliefs and emotions and thereby obtain our earliest sense of self. |
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Definition
| According to Rogers's person centered therapy, a fully functioning person is a global term used to describe someone who optimizes their talents and is in a constant state of self actualization, or constantly challenging themselves and aspiring to become more than what they currently are. Becoming self-actualized is not the goal, but the goal is instead the act of striving. This should be a continuous, ongoing process. A fully functioning person would be congruent, in touch with their OVP, genuine, and comfortable expressing their feelings, have little or no self discrepancy, and have a positive self-concept as the result of the small gap between real and ideal self. |
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Definition
| According to Rogers's Person Centered therapy, Conditions of worth result from repetition and intensity of condtional positive regard expressed by others becoming internalized. Conditions of worth are conditions introjected on an individual from others. An individual cannot regard themselves positively unless they live in accordance with those conditions. However, when the COW is incongruent with the OVP, psychological conflict will arise. |
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Definition
| According to Carl Rogers's Person Centered Therapy, active listening is a therapy technique that is used to convey empathy from the therapist to the client by the therapist showing careful and perceptive attention to what the client is saying. This is done through the use of unverbals, nonverbals, and reflection. |
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Definition
| In Rogers's Person Centered therapy, non-verbals are a active listening techniques used to convey empathy and perceptive attention in regards to what the client is saying. Non-verbals include body language (posture, Rogerian lean), eye contact, and facial expressions. |
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Definition
| In Rogers's Person Centered therapy, unverbals are an active listening technique used to convey empathy and perceptive attention in regards to what the client is saying. Unverbals are audible sounds made by the therapist, but no words, such as, "hmmm" or "uh-huh." These sounds are meant to convey contemplation, acknowledgment, and a desire to hear more in regards to what the client is saying. In practicing unverbals, tone, pacing, pattern, and inflection are important to be sure the therapist is conveying the intended message to the client |
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Term
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Definition
| In Rogers's Person Centered therapy, reflections are a active listening techniques used to convey empathy and perceptive attention in regards to what the client is saying. A reflection is when the therapis paraphrases what the client says or summarizes what the client says. However it is important not to mimic what the client says, word-for-word, because that is just annoying. The wording should be slightly altered, without changing the content of the message. This techniques helps encourage internal focus, by letting the client hear their own words. |
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Definition
| interpretations are a therapist technique used to convey empathy and genuineness to the client. Interpretations are when the therapist reflects what the client is saying, but also adds a suggestion of movement toward the known therapeutic goals. This is done to encourage internal focus and feeling awareness. |
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Definition
| In Rogers's Person Centered therapy, clarification is a therapy technique used to convey empathy and perceptive attention in regards to what the client is saying. A clarification is when the therapist relfects what the client is saying, but includes an an inference that poses as at least a mild challenge to the client. This can often pits the client against themselves. This is done by comparing two contrasting statements made by the client in order to gain clarification, or having the client elaborate on a statement. A clarification statement should encourage internal focus and feeling awareness. |
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Definition
| In Rogers's Person Centered therapy, self-disclosure is a therapy technique used to convey genuineness and empathy in regards to what the client is saying. Self-disclosures are one of the more difficult therapist techniques, and are not used as often as other methods. Self-disclosure is when the therapist shares the experience they are having with the client at that moment. This is done to convey the message of "I am a person too" to the client. It helps the client see that the therapist has emotion, and therefor helps the client feel more comfortable having emotion. This shows movement from client centered to person centered, where it is just two people taking. However, the therapist needs to be careful how much they share. The self-disclosure should improve the connection iwth the client and lead to a healthy resolution, while still remaingin client focused and respecting the therapist boundaries. Additionally the therapist should not share areas of their own life where they are struggling. Self-disclosure should encourage feeling awareness. |
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| In Rogers's person centered therapy, phenomenology is the underlying philosophy of Rogers's theory of the self. Phenomenology is the notion that all humans are unique, and experience the world in a subjective personal manner, which is considered desirable or beneficial. In this theory all realities are equally valid, and in therapy the therapist must try to see the world from the client's perspective. Rogers purposed that this be done by expressing unconditional positive regard toward the client, where the therapist avoids projecting their own phenomenology onto the clients and expresses acceptance of the clients own phenomenology. |
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Term
| Verbatim transcript research |
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Definition
| Rogers, person centered therapy. Verbatim transcripts research was one of Rogers's famous experiments. This is where he had graduate students write down, word for word, dialog of thousands of therapy sessions, and then went back and analyzed these transcripts to find what therapist statements elicit healthy responses from clients. This led to the development of Rogers therapist conditions, where he holds that a therapist would use statements that express empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness. |
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Definition
| Rogers, person-centered therapy. Q-sort research is a technique used by Rogers to identify the degree of congruence between real and ideal self. Subjects were given 100 cards, each containing statements. The subject then placed cards along a continuum, where one end represented statements that the subject felt were most like themselves, and the other end least like themselves. This is done twice, with the client demonstrating real self on one trial, and ideal self on the other. Numbers are assigned to each point along the continuum and each card was assigned a score based on it's placement. The overall score derived from the placement of a card on the "real self" sort minus placement of a card on the "ideal self" sort. The lower the score, the more congruence between real self and ideal self, which is considered healthy. |
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Definition
| Rogers, person centered therapy. Rogers did research on schizophrenic patients, where person centered therapy was applied. This was done in response to criticisms that person centered therapy could only be applied to less severely mentally ill clients. Rogers found that therapists that were the most empathetic, genuine, and provided the most unconditional positive regard had greater results. He also found that when treating severely mentally ill clients, it is necessary to increasing the 3 therapist conditions as the level of mental illness increases. |
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Term
| Boulder Model psychologist |
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Definition
| Rogers, person centered therapy. Rogers contributed to the boulder conference, which outlined the boulder model psychologist, or the scientist-practitioner model clinical psychologist. The goal of the clinical psychologist using this model is to work with clients using scientifically valid methods, tools, and techniques; to inform their clients of scientifically-based findings and approaches to their problems; and to conduct practice-based research. |
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Definition
| In Rogers's person centered therapy, there are 3 therapeutic conditions. These are conditions produced by the therapist that should be conveyed to the client. Rogers believed that all therapists have are there responses, and these conditions are designed to make each response be as much as it can be. The three conditions that should be expressed through intentional therapist statements are empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard. Rogers found that as the severity of mental illness increases, the expression of these conditions need to increase as well in order to achieve optimal therapeutic results. In expressing these conditions, the therapist should avoid projecting their own phenomenology onto the client and strive to accept the clients phenomenology. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Rogers person centered therapy, empathy is one of the therapeutic conditions that should be expressed from the therapist to the client through intentional statements. Empathy is perceiving the internal frame of reference, or phenomenology, of another and providing compassionate understanding. According to Rogers, the therapist must POSSESS empathy as well as be able to express it in a way the client can receive it. This may need to be done in different ways for different clients, and is difficult with such populations as shcizophrenics, autistic clients, and those with personality disorders. A history of abusive relationships can also effect a clients ability to receive and accept empathy. |
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Term
| Unconditional Positive Regard. |
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Definition
| In Rogers's person centered therapy, unconditional positive regard is one of the three therapeutic conditions that should be expressed by the therapist toward the client. Unconditional positive regard is expressed through non-judgmental and accepting statements and behaviors on the therapists part. The intention of this condition is to help promote self-acceptance on the clients part so they can then provide themselves with unconditional positive regard. |
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Definition
| In Rogers's person centered therapy, genuineness is usually the most difficult of the 3 therapeutic conditions for therapists to convey. Genuineness is where the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship by truly being himself/herself and being deeply involved in the therapeutic relationship, as opposed to "acting", as well as incorporating some self-disclosure. In order to express genuineness, the therapist must be aware of their own feelings. By expressing genuineness, Rogers found that the client was more likely to become self-actualized. However, many therapist have misinterpreted genuineness as acting like Rogers, which is not genuine expression of the therapists self. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Rogers's person centered therapy, congruence is achieved when the self concept is composed of real and ideal self that are closely in agreement. The ideal self is a function of the OVP and the real self is a function of conditional positive regard and conditions of worth. Therefore, if the OVP and the CPR/COW are very similar, this leads to openness to experience and a fulling functioning person. |
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Definition
| In Rogers's person centered therapy, incongruence is a product of the self concept being composed of a real and ideal self that are not closely in agreement. The ideal self is a function of the OVP and the real self is a function of conditional positive regard and conditions of worth. Therefore, if the OVP and the CPR/COW are very dissimilar, this prevents self-actualization, and leads to defensive behavior (denial and distortion). |
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Term
| Self-actualizing tendency/striving |
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Definition
| In Rogers Person centered therapy the self-actualizing tendency is an innate process of the self that constantly strives to enhance or improve the self. This is the basic drive or motivation for human behavior. When an individual. A "Fully-Functioning Person" is an individual who is continually moving toward self-actualization. This type of person is open to life's experiences, has trust in himself, and is able to express his feelings and act independently. |
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Definition
| In Rogers person centered therapy, subseption is the single generic defense mechanism. This is where a self experience discrepancy is created by not allowing elements of personal life experience to enter the self by denying any part of the experience because it is uncomfortable. Due to the need for positive regard, experiences that are not in accordance with the conditions of worth are often subject to subception and therefore a discrepancy between the self concept and actual self is created, leading to psychological conflict. |
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Term
| Self-experience discrepancy |
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Definition
| Rogers, person centered therapy. In Roger's theory, self-experience discrepancy results from subception, where experiences that are not in accordance with the conditions of worth are denied in some way, leading to a discrepancy between the self-concept and the actual self, which results in psychological conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Rogers person centered therapy, positive self concept occurs when there is a small gap between the real and ideal self. The real self is the person the individual is based on recent evidence, and the ideal self is the person they are trying to become based on self-actualization and the ovp. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Rogers person centered therapy, negative self concept occurs when there is a large gap between the real and ideal self. The real self is the person the individual is based on recent evidence, and is a product of the cow and cpr. The ideal self is the person they are trying to become based on their ovp. |
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Definition
| The ideal self is one of the two components that make up the self concpt. The ideal self is a function of the OVP. When there is a large gap between the real and ideal self, it produces a negative self concept. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Rogers person centered therapy, the real self is one of two components that make up the self concept. The reals self is a function of the cow and cpr. It is who the person is based on recent evidence (behaviors and to some degree thoughts and feelings). When there is a large gap between the real and ideal self, it produces a negative self con |
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