Determinism: factors in our world (culture, environment, etc) influence the way we behave and we do not do anything by way of free will

Free Will: People can completely control their actions 

Freud: believed in determinsm because he thought biology is the cause for everything, everything has a biological cause by physiological means.

Eysenck: also believed in determinism, thought biology determines your personality through brain structure and genetics

Uniqueness: People possess such unique personalities that we cannot compare one person to another

Universality: We can compare people's personalities and categorize them

Freud: universality, We all go through the same stages and all have unconsious motivations etc

Eysenck: Universality, we are different but there is a universal reason for that explained by biology

Physiological vs. Purposive Motivation

Physiological: people are completely motivated by basic needs (survival, avoiding pain, seeking pleasure)

Purposive Motivation: people are completely motivated to grow and develop

Freud: Physiological (needs and insticts)

Eysenck: Universality, we are different but there is a universal reason for that explained by biology

Conscious: people are completely motivated by forces of which they are aware (or can easily be made aware)

Unconscious Motivation: people are completely motivated by forces of which they are unaware and cannot easily be made aware

Freud: definitely unconscious..

Eysenck: Doesn't talk about an unconscious, either neutral or doesn't agree

Nature: biology affects personality, not nurture

Nuture: environment affects personality and nature does not matter

Freud: nurture in early childhood development

Eysenck: Nature (biology)

Stage vs. Non-stage Theory of Development

Stage theory: individuals pass through recognizable and predictable stages of development

Non-Stage Theory: tages of development do not exist, what may look like a stage can be explained in other ways

Freud: stages, maturatoin of the body, certain areas of the body giving more pleasure at certain times in your life

Eysenck: Non-stage. cannot see anything about stages in his theories

Cultural Determinism: People are so molded by their culuture that they are unable to fully understand another culture

Cultural Transcendence: People are easily able to transcend their own culture andcan easily understand and fit into another culture

Freud: Culture is not an issue in his theories bc he never really traveled and thinks that his ideas play a role in everyone

Eysenck: Doesn't talk about it either

Early Personality Formation: your personality is set in your early years of life and cannot change later on

Late Personality Formation: you can change and mold your personality later in life

Freud: early, early childhood stages (first 5 yrs of life)

Eysenck: not really an issue for him

Continuous: Laws of behavior apply equally well to those with or without mental illness

Discontinuous: different laws of behavior apply o those without mental illness, people just vary in degree

Freud: continuous, mentally ill are all similar just different on scale

Eysenck: same thing

Optimism: People are good and rarely or never act for selfish or evil reasons

Pessimism: People act soley for selfish or evil purposes and they are never good

Freud: pessimist

Eysenck: neutral

Who developed the images of human nature? What are they?

1) Boeree

2)

a) Free Will vs. Determinism

b) Uniqueness vs. universality

c) Physiological vs. Purposive Motivation

d) Conscious vs. Unconscious Motivation

e) Nature vs. Nurture

f) Stage vs. non-stage theory of development

g) Cultural Determinism vs. Cultural Transcendence

h) Early or Late personality Formation

i) Continuous vs. Discontinuous with Mental Illness

j) Optimism vs. Pessimism

1) Boeree

2)

a) Ethnocentrism

b) Egocentrism

c) Dogmatism

d) Misunderstandings:

      e) Translations

      f) Neologisms

       g) Metaphors

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  • Refers to problems translating something from one culture to another culture
  • Going to be a problem if you pick the cultural determinism side
  • need to look at the culture of the theorist- could be problems b/c of where the theory was dev. Not taking into account other areas and where people live

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  • biographies of theorists do matter; environment and own story affects their theory

•  
  • an individual believes so firmly on their theory, they can’t open their eyes to anything else

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  •  
    • don’t fully understand their culture, translate wrong

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  •  
    • New words, psychologist makes up new terms for their theories. Ex) Freud uses term instinct: when we use that term, it comes with other baggage from the other definitions that come to mind. But what he means is that we act based upon hunger, etc
    • Meanings of words aren’t always consistent with what the theorists means
    • different terms mean different things- we come in with our definitions and change theorists definitions and don’t fully understand what they meant

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  •  
    • taking metaphors seriously that theorists use to describe their theory

1)

a) Extraversion/ Introversion

b) Neuroticism/ Emotional Stability

c) Psychoticism/ Impulse Control

2) Eysenck

Describe Extraversion. What is it's biological explanation?

Describe Introversion. What is it's biological correlate?

 - Neurotics may have an area in their brain that is over sensitive to stress, their sympathetic nervous system is much more prone to arousal

Psychoticism(Male hormones) (Eysenck thinks that these traits are dependent upon testosterone, which both males and females produce. Males just produce more.)

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  • Free association and resistance
  • Dream analysis
  • Transference
  • Everyday forgetting (Parapraxes; Slips of the tongue 

Used to identify the contents of a client's unconscious mind

•  
  • Free association and resistance:

-          Asking a client to come into the office and have them either sit or recline on the couch and just talking aloud. Freud was looking for the disruptions in the persons venting.

-          Believed that these disruptions (pauses) had meaning

•  
  • Dream analysis:

-          Many people told Freud their dreams because they happened recently so it is something you would remember to talk about

-          Freud believed that dreams are interpreted as internal conflicts.

-          What you do in your dream may be you accomplishing something that you have yet to accomplish in your waking life

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  •  
    • - Because sexual needs are often times difficult to fulfill because people tend to be offended by them. So we try to fulfill these needs via dreams

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  • Transference:
    • - If a patient continues to go to the same therapists for a long time, you may develop a strong emotional bond with the therapist, or you may develop a fear of your therapist, or start falling in love with your therapists

                             - developing a fear of therapist:

person may really have a fear problem with a parent

  - develop romantic feelings: you may have another romantic interest which you cannot communicate to

everyday forgetting / Parapraxes; Slips of the tongue:

-          There is never a mistake; people always make errors for a reason

-          if you forget your purse at home, it’s deliberate (always a cause for our behavior)     

-          Freud thinks that we make errors to avoid unpleasant thoughts         

1) the forces: libido and insticts

2) the original theory: 3 regions of mind

3) the later theory: 3 personality structures

These structures come into conflict with eachother

• a.       Id (Unconscious) 
  •        i.      Pleasure principle: always seeking immediate pleasure,alwaysavoiding pain  
  • ii.      Reflex action                                                                                       
  •  iii.      Primary process thinking: If the id cannot be immediately met, then it fantasizes about how to meet it                                                                                          
  • b.      Ego (spans all 3 regions of consciousness)- will try different behaviors to get the wishes it wants                                                                                           
  •  i.      Reality principle                                                                                         
  • ii.      Secondary process thinking
    • 1.       refers to testing of reality, some things work better than others
    • 2.       Sometimes ego is realizing that the easiest reaction might initially meet your needs, but will give you problems in the end. Causes conflict between  satisfying needs now (id) and knowing that satisfying needs now will cause problems later (ego)
    • c.   Superego (spans all 3 regions of consciousness)- emerges because we are in a society and involved with other people who believe certain behaviors are right and certain behaviors are wrong- Only humans have this. Maybe a little bit in a primate.                                                                                             i.      Conscience:
      • Guilt1.       I did something that made my parents feel bad…next  time I’m hungry and my parents aren’t around, conflict about whether or not to immediately satisfy                                                                                          
      •  ii.      Ego ideal: Pride
        • 1.       result of praise, accepting