Term
| Theoretical models (approaches) |
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Definition
| - Basic - Trait - Behavioral - Psychoanalytic - Phenomenological (Humanistic) - Biological |
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| - See things quickly and as a whole |
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- Based and grounded in only theory - Developed great assumptions of how we develop who we are as an adult - Very few personality theorists took it to the research/data level - Claimed they couldn’t take it to the experimental level |
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Definition
| - It refers to an individuals characteristic pattern of thoughts, emotions, and overt behaviors (the ones you can see) - Cognitions (thinking) - Self talk - Affect (feelings) - Emotional episodes that come on quickly but don’t stay long (moods) - Patterns that are long lasting and fairly stable - Tend to assess personality by calling it a social awareness , “a good personality” how you are with people - Also by whatever your dominate trait is you can get labeled completely by it (sizing people up) |
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| Most relevant personality models |
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Definition
| - Basic model/approach
- Trait Theory - Biological Approach - Behavioral Approach - Psychoanalytical - Humanistic - Phenomenological - Biological medical - Gestalt - Cognitive - Evolutionary
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->- <!--[endif]-->Basic model/approach |
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Definition
<!--[if !supportLists]-->o <!--[endif]-->Trying to identify and explain patterns and behavior by tying observations and associate behaviors together <!--[if !supportLists]-->o <!--[endif]-->Don’t make quick judgments |
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| o An approach used primarily when doing personality assessment o See how people differ from comparing them to general traits |
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| o Common sense o Physiological having an influence o Examples: hormones, cardiac problems, changes, stress, etc. |
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| o Learning theory taken it into broad base o Taking observations and cues in the environment that create behaviors and actions o Why people do what they do |
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| o Freud, concerned about unconscious drives and forces and how it affects us o Things that occur early in life o Takes 7 to 10 years of therapy to work everything out from past |
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| o Concerned about behaviors in terms of how we experience the fullness of life in the here and now o Very popular approach, that is quick, less time in therapy is needed |
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| o Understanding a person from their frame of reference, walking their shoes o Similar to humanistic o May be confusing o One of the most philosophical orientations |
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| o May see in case something of biological nature that could be influencing o Mind and body are linked |
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| o Somewhat under humanistic going to lead into cognitive |
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Definition
| o See things, think, feel, and behavior go into thinking o Aspects of mental behavior o Belief systems |
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Definition
| o Tend to believe how personality develops has a strong evolution component o Developed over time |
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| o Probable true supported by the evidence o Does what it says it does |
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Definition
| o From our observations of working with populations of professional clinicians o It seems to make sense to them, workable validity o From literature you can find clinical valid treatments o Example: client treatments, etc |
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| - Set of related assumptions that explain something like behaviors - Psychological systems - Example: phenomenological, medical, etc. |
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| - Does the theory seem consistent with what it is saying? - Is there a high level of clinical validity among practitioners? - Are people trying to make it valid in more ways? (laws) - Does it have common sense, can common people understand it? (simplicity) |
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Term
| 8 aspects of psychological theory (Principles of Personality) |
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Definition
| 1) All affected by elements we are aware and by elements we are not aware of as well (biases) 2) We are driven toward the development of identity or self 3) Unique biological makeup which makes us display individual tendencies 4) We are also conditioned and shaped by our environment and experience o changes how we see and respond o don’t get to choose the environment or experience o hopefully it nurtures the essence of you, you can suppress the essence but it will pop back up inappropriately |
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Definition
| § When you display tendencies from biology or genetics § genuine no one telling you what to do, body is doing it naturally - Holds true throughout your lifetime - Very important for parents to determine temperament early so you can nurture that essence |
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| · kind of experiences normal people in a culture experience · Example: public schooling, driving, getting married, having kids, finishing high school, etc. · People who have normative experiences help us relate and identify makes us alike by similarities · If you always have normative events you think shallow and superficial |
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| § Non-normative experiences |
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Definition
| · Events that occur that are atypical for your culture · People in psych mostly had non-normative events · Makes you stronger if they don’t kill you · Supports your essence, gives you passion, power, and strength · See things different from the crowd · Makes you individually rich, use it to make the world better · Non-normative can be positive events as well |
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Definition
| o Life data, obtained from records and historical data o Verifiable data, which is concrete o Gives info on how people are living their life o Educational data o Real life outcomes o Often affected by psychological variables o Some aren’t informative o Examples: levels of responsibility, ability to pay, consciousness, hold a job, etc. |
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Definition
| o Information from informants, references o A lot of rich and depth information o Different slant on data o Judgments and bias make it negative o Real word accounts of what they do o Common sense and practical o Reputations always count o Some internal info you can’t get |
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Definition
| o Self data, in which you use instruments to pick up about yourself o We often know ourselves the best, information only we know o Rate yourselves from experiences still bias though o Inner life is totally available to you o Overused because cheap and easy o Examples: Questionnaires and surveys, assessments, screenings, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| o Test data o Typically to see what you can do, not how you feel o What you perform not necessarily your score o Examples: non verbals, responses, and cues |
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Term
| Types of data (information) |
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Definition
| - L Data - I Data Expectancy effect |
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Definition
| - Phenomena where we take on the traits people put on us - Raise or lower yourself to fit within certain people - What you expect can come back to you - Another phenomena o Change from one environment to another and we may change ourselves as well - The more adaptive we are the better and less susceptible to expectancy effect |
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| - Born with temperament, early signs of personality - Takes 18 years of experiences and living life to develop our personality fully |
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Definition
| - Temperament is hardwired and it stays with you - Three basic early temperament styles o Fearful Child o Aggressive Child o Fearful Child |
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Definition
| § More fearful early § Drop back when something happens § Exaggerate danger, higher stress and anxiety levels § Feel uncomfortable and unsafe § More likely to grow up more avoidant of responsibility |
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| § Approach problems by trying to fight § Blame others § Strike out physically or verbally § Frustrated and angry |
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| § Bold child § They think they are always right § Social skills, very pleasant, don’t know a stranger § Don’t see danger in the world § Overprotective parents create major ramifications for the children, don’t instill fear § A gift but instill common sense |
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Definition
| - It drives our behavior - It influences the growth and develop of character (pattern) - Influences which skills we are naturally drawn to develop - Dynamic, not static, always influenced by your environment - When you use your talents and you become a motivated and energetic person, it feels natural to you - As we grow and develop our temperament and essence stays the same |
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Definition
| - love to be more alike than different, but attracted to opposites, brings high passion but burns quickly, the more you understand yourself the better off you are, you take what you are lacking from someone else, don’t rebound: jump into what you need at the moment, very temporary |
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Definition
| - head is into what they are working on - solely focused - and very difficult for them to be distracted from their task - externally focused - important is what is real - often enjoy reality shows |
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Definition
| - these people have a game plan and things about the future - don’t deal with interruptions well - deeply introspective - working things through in your head - this is their comfort zone - important is what is ideal - what can something become |
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Term
| Similarities of Personality Theory: |
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Definition
| - some similarities to all other theories (for test) - does it have coherence? o is the theory logical? is their position clear? - is it relevant and meaningful? o you see the need for specific theories? - is it comprehensive? o is the theory wide enough to encompass not only specifics but also can be generalized into other aspects of life? - is it compelling? o does it convince you in some way? - is it verifiable? o by doing research can you confirm the hypothesis? - does it have predictive power? o how successful has the theory been in predicting or generating new ideas. - how much simplicity? o can you understand it? - is it compatible? o is it saying similar things to other theories that are already verified - is it useful? o can we take the info and put it into action quickly? |
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Term
| Philosophical Assumptions |
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Definition
| - begin to decide this now, they tie into how you see people, internalize. - decide are people basically free and to have control over their behavior, or is the behavior of people determined by forces (either internal or external) they don’t have control over? (freedom versus determinism) - are our traits and characteristics inborn (inherited) or are the products of the influence of our environment? (heredity versus environment) - are people basically unique and individualistic, (comparisons would be very difficult) or are people very similar in nature? (uniqueness versus universality) - do people basically act on their own initiative or do they typically react to events that occur from the outside world? (proactive versus reactive) - do you believe that big changes in personality and behavior can’t occur throughout your lifetime, or is your essence is fixed, stable, longlasting, and unchanging? (optimism versus pessimism) |
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Definition
| - mood where normal is short-term in nature and ties into what is going on in their life. - not normal for your moods not to match events in your life, could be stress or mental illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| - long-term enduring psychological characteristics (attributes) - measured by standardized personality assessments |
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Term
| - Formal/Standardized personality assessments |
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Definition
| o Normed o Ex: MMPI (criminal justice) o be genuine in answering these tests more reliable |
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Term
| - Projectives personality assessments |
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Definition
| o abstractly developed, not on concrete answers o requires subjective decision by the administrator |
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Term
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Definition
| - if you take the test today it will be the same or extremely close to another point in time if you take the test again - consistent - * If it is just reliable, doesn’t mean it is valid. * |
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Term
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Definition
| - what your score on the test indicates something about you - shows what it is supposed to - it means what it is supposed to - * For something to be valid, it must be reliable. * |
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Term
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Definition
| - a broad layperson’s term for stress related dysfunction - everyone has a neurotic component - tend to respond more intensely to stimulus - less severe, more common - tie into anxiety issues |
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Definition
| - individuals who have episodes of significant loss of reality - also can come in episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| - Freudian theory, Sigmund Freud, the father of psychological theory - Anna Freud, his daughter, discussed defense mechanisms, but also didn’t completely believe his views on woman and children, overall believed her father’s theory - just the term psychoanalysis is the invention that psychoanalysts use - this theory emphasizes the past, more than goal driven - we need to get the repressed pain out, it’s the only way to move ahead |
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Definition
| - One of the first individuals to see the importance of early experiences, solidity formed view of the world by age five. - he is responsible for the emphasize on the idea of case history - he emphasized on unconscious thoughts - Freud believed that our personality is based on the influence of the unconscious is that part of us, an abstraction, to which we are not aware, which makes up a lot of our essence. - temperament is important, instincts - Libido - Libido |
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Definition
| o idea of psychic energy, he saw it as sexual energy o our essence ties into our sexual energy o eventually looked at it is life energy o we have an energy system that flows, constant and moves in a specific pattern o when we are truly connecting to our instinctual needs it equals power o when instinctual needs are met your energy level is high, when not met your energy will be lower. |
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Term
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Definition
| o importance of self awareness o part of person of where you understand about yourself o must use the conscious mind to get to the unconscious o your perception of reality may not be true, and not seen by others o Conscious is 1/3 of the iceberg, above the surface, that is completely visible |
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Definition
| o the most important concept of Freud o 2/3 of our mind is in the unconscious, hidden below the surface, like an iceberg |
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Term
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Definition
| o part of our awareness that is between conscious and unconscious, sometime aware sometimes not aware. o houses all the information that is right on the surface of conscious o dreams you can almost remember o cognitive information, learning information o learn to access it to bring it to the surface, conscious o breathing and calmness can help you access it better o circling the information, put yourself in the presence of when you learned it, may seem insignificant but will relax you enough to gather the answer. |
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Definition
| o something that comes out spontaneously, you say it before you think and you say the wrong thing. o you try to take it back and say it is a mistake, but on some level it is relevant o when you tell someone to NOT do something they will do it, you try to repress it, but pops up in other ways |
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Term
| - Three abstractions, components of a person’s mind: |
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Definition
| o Superego o Ego o Superego |
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Definition
| § conscience, moral measuring gage, is housed within this § houses the values, morals, judgments, which we get from our custodial guardians when we are young. § what is housed can vary person to person § anytime you get caught up in self talk, if you want to see where you are really coming from listen to it § if you are judgmental about yourself, you might be judgmental, critical, and have high expectations of others. § want to have a strong one, allows empathy for others |
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Definition
| § the realist, doesn’t operate on emotion, the most unbiased part of us, operates on what is going on § the thinking rational part of us, the decision making part of us § operates on secondary process thinking, where it attempts to take care of as many important basic needs as possible in a timely manner, while allows us to protect the world around us and ourselves. § what is appropriate and not appropriate § mediates between the needs, ID and the judgments, Superego |
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| § only part of our personality we are born with § houses your emotions, spirit, instinctual drives, inhibited, and basic needs, that are real without influence § acts on primary process thinking, this is the kind of thinking when we are trying to avoid pain or gain pleasure § early on Freud believed this was the most powerful part of us. § Sociopathic or antisocial individuals |
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Term
| Sociopathic or antisocial individuals |
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Definition
| · are only operating in the ID according to Freud · only think about their only needs and don’t consider others · extremely impulsive |
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Term
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Definition
| o involuntary responses protecting us from anxiety or discomfort o unconscious, not aware if you are doing it, then it is a defense mechanism; if aware of it, then it is just manipulation o there are many, but the most important ones are § Repression § Repression |
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Definition
| · universal defense mechanism · to repress it means to push down the importance or relevance of something from your awareness · you don’t want to repress something for a long period of time, because in pushing the negative energy down, what can happens is it pops up into one of the other defense mechanisms that get you into trouble |
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Term
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Definition
| · when we have to change, you deny the importance or relevancy of it, can create memory loss |
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| · most often used by children, regress when anxious, stress, or feel pain, self soothing yourself · moving back in time to an earlier safe and secure place · Children Examples: sucking their thumb, bedwetting, pacifiers, etc. · Adult Examples: midlife crisis, act like a child, separation anxiety, etc. |
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Term
| o Two Sub categories of Libido |
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Definition
| § Positive Life Energy§ Negative Life Energy |
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Term
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Definition
| · Eros· Example: connecting with children, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| · Thanotos· Example: jealousy, fear, self conscious, suicide, etc.· Necessary because you don’t want to repress the feelings· Suicide is the killing of eros and the ultimate power of Thanotos |
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Definition
| - EclecticWhere an individual uses a combination of scientifically based theories |
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Definition
| · Your feeling one thing but you do the opposite, creates unpredictabilityFear responses, mostly when people feel afraid |
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Definition
| · To avoid feeling pain, discomfort, etc. we make up reasons or excuses for it to minimize the importanceExample: breaking diet, rape, failing a test, etc. |
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| Intellectualization (Isolation) |
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Definition
| · What you do to relieve anxiety and discomfort you spend a lot of time in your head, processing the issueExample: relationships, future, etc. |
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Definition
| · Undo what spontaneous comes out to weaken itSay how you really feel then, trying to take it back and downgrade the effect and meaning |
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| · to relieve or minimize discomfort, when they are angry or upset toward one individual and they displace the emotion toward another· could be positive or negative feelings· we are more likely to do this to people who are unconditional · ties into domestic violence· happens because the individual doesn’t know how to control their angerExample: significant others, moms, children, animals, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| · People often feel ashamed of something they have done, pushes it out but it reflects out to othersExample: cheating but blaming the other for cheating |
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Definition
| · In our society it is the most constructive defense mechanism we could be using, it works well· When you are stressed and everything is falling down around you, you will get incredibly productive or incredibly crazy busy· Works because you get things done or at least makes you look that wayExample: cleaning |
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Term
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Definition
| · when you are feeling stressed about a certain issue or person, and you align yourself with the things that are making you anxious.You will take on traits from the person |
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| Psychosexual stages of Personality Development |
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Definition
| - Oral Stage:- Anal Stage:- Phallic Stage:- Latency Stage- Genital Stage |
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Definition
| - Where a theorist believes you go from one stage to the next |
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| o From birth to at least the 1st year, individuals have specific needs that must be met, that are tied in erogenous zones dealing with your moutho Some kids may develop an oral fixation, because they don’t get the security they need. o Fixation:§ You will get stuck in a specific stageo As adults they would be really needy and dependento Schizophrenics smoke and it actives certain parts of brain which helps them focuso Example: put everything in their mouth, sucking thumbs, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Toilet training years o Period where autonomy and control is importanto How successful you are in toilet training should be pleasant and fun it, don’t put stress on failing in this department but needs structureo Anal retentive:OCD, more uptight, rigid o High control needs: can create problems with work and relationships |
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Definition
| o Preschool period of time (3,4,5,6 yrs of age)o Where individuals begin to develop sexual energy(attraction) to the opposite sex parento Children are attempting begin to work through early stages of sexual identity in relation to themselves and their family Extremely important stage o Oedipal Complex o Castration Anxiety Very vulnerable time for child abuse, then they develop a sense of guilt and ashamed because of attraction, the need for attention. |
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Definition
| § Where individuals begin to develop sexual energy(attraction) to the opposite sex parent§ Forms jealousy for the same sex parent |
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| Individuals anger and rage on the same sex parent, that fathers and son would like to castrate away masculine power |
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Definition
| o Adolescence periodo Where latency is over and energy is transformed to sexual identity and personal identity ruleso Need to experiment from an appropriate manner |
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Definition
| o Longest stages of psychosexual development, all throughout the elementary and middle school yearso Latency means restNo sexual innuendo, no sexual energy here it is redirected to high learning energy |
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Definition
| Dig under the individual’s “iceberg” and free the subconscious so they can become more aware of things |
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Definition
| What is going on today, lets them talk and then he would explain what had occurred to them |
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Definition
- All remembered dreams and behavior have meanings-
Allows us to psychoanalysis our dreams Manifest Content Latent Content |
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Definition
| What happened in your dream, describe the events and feelings |
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| Your interpretation of the dreams |
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