Period 1 (birth - 2 years) Sensorimotor Period.

Reflexive behavior is used to adapt to the environment;  egocentric view of the world;  development of object permanence.  

Infancy

Piaget's Periods of Cognitive Development

Period 2 (2-7 years)  Preoperational thought

Thinking remains egocentric, becomes magical, and is dominated by perception.  

Toddlerhood and Preschool Age

Piaget's Periods of Cognitive Development

Period 3 (7-11 years)  Concrete Operations

Thinking becomes more systematic and logical, but concrete objects and activities are needed.  

School Age 

Piaget's Periods of Cognitive Development

Period 4 (11 years to Adulthood)  Formal Operations

New ideas can be created; situations can be analyzed; use of abstract and futuristic thinking; understands logical consequences of behavior.

Adolescence to Adulthood

Piaget's Periods of Cognitive Development

Oral Stage

Mouth is a sensory organ;  infant takes in and explores during oral passive substage (first half of infancy);  infant strikes out with teeth during oral aggressive substage (latter half of infancy)

Infancy 

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

Anal Stage

Major focus of sexual interest is anus; control of body functions is major feature.  

Toddlerhood

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

Phallic or Oedipal. Electra Stage

Genitals become focus of sexual curiosity;  

superego (conscience) develops;  feelings of guilt emerge.

Preschool Age

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

Latency Stage

Sexual feelings are firmly repressed by the superego;  period of relative calm.  

School Age 

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

Puberty or Genital Stage

Stimulated by increasing hormone levels; Sexual energy wells up in full force, resulting in personal and family turmoil.  

Adolescence 

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

Trust vs. Mistrust

Development of a sense that the self is good and the world is good when consistent, predictable, reliable care is received;  characterized by hope.

Infancy

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Development of sense of control over the self and body functions;  exerts self; characterized by will.

Toddlerhood

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Initiative vs. Guilt

Development of a can-do attitude about the self;  behavior becomes goal-directed, competitive, and imaginative; initiation into gender role; characterized by purpose.  

Preschool Age

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Industry vs. Inferiority

Mastering of useful skills and tools of the culture; learning how to play and work with peers; characterized by competence.  

School Age 

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Begins to develop a sense of "I";  this process is lifelong; peers become of paramount importance; child gains independence from parents; characterized by faith in self.  

Adolescence

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Intimacy vs. Isolation 

Development of the ability to lose the self in genuine mutuality with another; characterized by love.

Early Adulthood

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Generativity vs. Stagnation 

Production of ideas and materials through work; creation of children; characterized by care.

Mid Adulthood

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Ego Intergrity vs. Despair

Realization that there is order and purpose to life; characterized by wisdom.

Late Adulthood

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Premorality or Preconventional Morality, Stage 0 (0-2 years) Naivete and Egocentrism

No moral sensitivity; decisions are made of the basis of what pleases the child; infants like or love what helps them and dislike what hurts them; no awareness of the effect of their actions on others.

"Good is what I like and want."

Infancy 

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Premorality or preconventional Morality, Stage 1 (2-3 years)  Punishment-Obedience Orientation

Right or wrong is determined by physical consequences;  

"If I get caught and punished for doing it, it is wrong.  If I am not caught or punished, then it must be right."

Toddlerhood 

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Premorality or Preconventional Morality, Stage 2 (4-7 years)  Instrumental Hedonism and Concrete Reciprocity

Child conforms to rules out of self-interest; "I'll do this for you if you do this for me", behavior is guided by and "eye for and eye" orientation.  "if you do something bad to me, then it's OK if I do somethig bad to you."

Preschool Age

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Morality of Conventioal Role Conformity, Stage 3 (7-10 Years)  Good-Boy or Good-Girl Orientation

Morality is based on avoiding disapproval or disturbing the conscience' child is becoming socially sensitive.  

School Age (7-10 years)

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Morality of Conventional Role Conformity, Stage 4 (begins at about 10-12 years)  Law and Order Orientation

Right takes on a religious or metaphysical quality. Child wants to show respect for authority, and maintain social order; obeys rules for their own sake. 

School Age  (10-12 years)

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Morality of Self-Accepted Moral Principles, Stage 6:  Personal Principle Orientation

Achieved only by the morally mature individual; few people reach this level' these people do what they think is right, regardless of others' opinions, legal sanctions, or personal sacrifice' actions are guided by internal standards' integrity is of utmost importance; may be willing to die for their beliefs.

Adulthood

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Morality of Self-Accepted Moral Principles, Stage 7: Universal Principle Orientation

This stage is achieved by only a rare few; Mother Teresa, Gandhi, and Socrates are examples; these individuals transcend the teachings of organized religion and perceive themselves as part of the cosmic order, understand the reason for their existence, and live for their beliefs. 

Adulthood

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development