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| The sequence of events depicting the evolutionary development of a species or of a group of related organisms; phylogeny. |
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| Systems biology is the study of an organism as a whole rather than as a sum of its parts. |
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Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area |
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Tissue
Group of cells that are similar in structure and function or
An aggregate of cells in an organism that have similar structure and function. |
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| Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus. |
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| A structure within the cell that bears the genetic material as a threadlike linear strand of DNA bonded to various proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or as a circular strand of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the mitochondrion and chloroplast of certain eukaryotes. |
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| The conversion of the information from the gene into mRNA via transcription and then to protein via translation resulting in the phenotypic manifestation of the gene. |
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| A feedback in which the system responds in an opposite direction to the perturbation. |
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(general) A class or group with common attributes.
(biology) A taxonomic category ranking used in biological classification that is below a family and above a species level, and includes group(s) of species that are structurally similar or phylogenetically related. |
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Phylum
The taxonomic category above class. |
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Bacteria
One of the two prokaryotic domains, and a unicellular organism. |
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| The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms, both in terms of their ecological and economic roles. By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems. |
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| multiple facts (usually but not necessarily empirical) used as a basis for inference, testing, models, etc. |
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The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments.
The steps of the scientific method are to:
Ask a Question
Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
Communicate Your Results |
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Theory
A widely excepted explanation broad in scope supported by a large body of evidence continuously subjected to change. |
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Biology
A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
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The regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth or other planet occupied by living organisms.
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Part of the Earth's surface and atmosphere that contains the entire terrestrial ecosystem, and extends from ocean depths to about six kilometers (3.7 miles) above sea level. Not precisely demarkable, it contains all living organisms and what supports them soil, subsurface water, bodies of water, air and includes hydrosphere and lithosphere. Also called ecosphere. |
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| Living things that are capable of reacting to stimuli, reproduction, growth, and homeostasis. |
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| The structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms. |
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Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.
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Of, or pertaining to, or characteristic of a prokaryote, which is basically an organism lacking a true nucleus.Prokaryotes include the eubacteria and archaea. |
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| The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. |
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(1) The complete set of genes in an organism.
(2) The total genetic content in one set of chromosomes. |
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(1) A feedback in which the system responds to the perturbation in the same direction as the perturbation.
(2) A feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal. |
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(1) A taxonomic rank in the classification of organisms between genus and order.
(2) A taxonomic group of one or more genera, especially sharing a common attribute.
(3) A collection of things or entities grouped by their common attributes, e.g. protein family, gene family, etc.
(4) A group of people descended from a common ancestor; a kin; a tribe. |
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n biology, kingdom is a taxonomic rank that is composed of smaller groups called phyla (or divisions, in plants).
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A taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain. |
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Any of the unicellular microorganisms that is genetically distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes, and often inhabiting extreme environmental conditions. or
One of the two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria |
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Animalia
Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls |
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| inductive reasoning draws general principles from specific instances, It always involves uncertainty, Scientists use inductive reasoning to formulate hypothesis and theories, |
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| An experimental group is the group in a scientific experiment where the experimental procedure is performed. This group is exposed to the independent variable being tested and the changes observed and recorded. |
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Property that emerges as a result of interactions between components.
or
the living world is a hierarchical organization,
extending from molecule to biosphere. With each step upward in
organizational level, novel properties emerge as a result of
interactions among components at lower levels. |
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| A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) functioning together as a unit. |
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Organ system
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions. |
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Organelle
Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell |
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| A double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell growth, division, and function. |
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| A conformation or shape describing a structure that typically consists of two matching helices intertwined about a common axis, such as the structure of the DNA molecule, which is made of two linear strands held together in opposite direction through chemical bonds, and which has become twisted into a helix (that is a three-dimensional spiral similar to the shape of a railing on a spiral staircase). |
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Order
The taxonomic category above the level of family. A grouping of similar families.
1) (taxonomy) A taxonomic rank used in classifying organisms, generally below the class, and comprised of families sharing a set of similar nature or character |
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| (taxonomy) The highest taxonomic rank of organisms in which there are three groupings: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. |
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| The domain comprised of eukaryotes or organisms whose cells contain a true nucleus. |
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| Any of a group of eukaryotic organisms belonging to the Kingdom Protista. |
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| A supposition or tentative explanation for (a group of) phenomena, (a set of) facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment |
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A group in a scientific experiment where the factor being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against another group where the factor is applied.
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A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. This isolates the independent variable's effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternate explanations of the experimental results. |
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the analysis of complex things, data, etc., into less complex constituents
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An attempt or tendency to explain a complex set of facts, entities, phenomena, or structures by another, simpler set: "For the last 400 years science has advanced by reductionism ... The idea is that you could understand the world, all of nature, by examining smaller and smaller pieces of it. When assembled, the small pieces would explain the whole" (John Holland). |
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general) A locality inhabited by a group of any size whose members use a common language, manners, law, culture and tradition.
(general) A social group sharing common characteristics or interests, sometimes regardless of their location.
(biology) An ecological unit composed of a group of organisms or a population of different species occupying a particular area, usually interacting with each other and their environment. |
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Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out specialized functions of the body |
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A tiny or a very small piece (of something).
(biology or biochemistry) An extremely small particle or substance, especially at cellular or structural level, as a biomolecule. |
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| The fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity. |
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| Abbreviation for ribonucleic acid: a nucleic acid that is generally single stranded (double stranded in some viruses) and plays a role in transferring information from DNA to protein-forming system of the cell. |
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Bioinformatics: An interdisciplinary area at the intersection of biological, computer, and information sciences necessary to manage, process, and understand large amounts of data, for instance from the sequencing of the human genome, or from large databases containing information about plants and animals for use in discovering and developing new drugs.
Bioinformatics: the science of informatics as applied to biological research. Informatics is the management and analysis of data using advanced computing techniques. Bioinformatics is particularly important as an adjunct to genomics research, because of the large amount of complex data this research generates.
Bioinformatics: is the science and technology about learning, managing and processing biological information. |
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(1) The lowest taxonomic rank, and the most basic unit or category of biological classification.
(2) An individual belonging to a group of organisms (or the entire group itself) having common characteristics and (usually) are capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring. Failing that (for example the Liger) It has to be ecologically and recognisably the same. |
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1) A group or set (of things or entities) with common characteristics, attributes, qualities or traits.
(2) A taxonomic group comprised of organisms that share a common attribute. It is further divided into one or more orders. |
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1) The science of finding, describing, classifying, and naming organisms, including the studying of the relationships between taxa and the principles underlying such a classification.
(2) The classification of organisms in a hierarchical system or in taxonomic ranks (e.g. domain, kingdom, phylum or division, class, genus, species) based on shared characteristics or on phylogenetic relationships inferred from the fossil record or established by genetic analysis. |
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| The plant kingdom; nonmobile, autotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes. Kingdom of the plants, autotrophic eukaryotes with cellulose in their cell walls and starch as a carbohydrate storage product, with chlorophylls a and b as photosynthesis pigments. |
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| A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain genotypic characteristics that make them better adjusted to an environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in number or frequency, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate their essential genotypic qualities to succeeding generations. |
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| deductive reasoning draws specific conclusions from general principles or premises. A premise is a previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion. The conclusions from deductive inference are certain provided the premises are true. Scientists use deductive reasoning when applying them to specific situations. |
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| A scientific investigation in which bovariables apart from the factor under study so that the effect or inth the control group and experimental group(s) are kept under similar fluence of that factor can be identified or determined. |
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