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-Wrote 1st History of German Theatre
-Profit motive: make most $ w/ no literary worth
-state support needed, need to stop touring
-no good German dramatists
-Create permanent, subsidized, non-profit theatre
1.Salarized manager (set $)
2. Academy of trained actors
3. Actors recieve salary and pension
4. Award prizes to dramatists to encourage p.w.
-12 businessmen to find theatre - 1767
1769 - Hamburg National Theatre Closed |
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| All theatres are closed down by puritan leader Cromwell (Actors considered rogues/criminals) |
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-Produced many Drolls in cluding "The Siege of Rhodes" in 1656
-Included music and for the first time Italinate Scenery for the public |
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-Uneasy truce with parliment
-Reject puritanism
-Permissiveness
-Reopening of theatres
-Official Warrants
--Thomas Killgrew: "The Kings Men", older actors
--Davenant: "Duke's Men", younger actors |
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-Charles II promises him a company in London
-Tricked out of lease by Killgrew and Davenant
-1673: Never heard of again |
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-Master of Revels splits commonwealth rep between companies
-"Heroic Tragedy
--"rival claims of love and honor
--exotic locales
--Happy Endings
--British tragedy
--3 unities (fast and loose) |
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-Wrote "All for Love"
-Comedy of Manners
--Upper class preoccupation with sex, fashion wittiness
--Make fun of lower classes
--Most popular |
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-Wrote "The Rover"
-First woman to make a living as a playwright
-Comedy of Ingrigue
-1st female writer buried in Westminster Abbey |
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| -Wrote "The Way of the World" |
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-Unpopular
-Supporters called Jacobites
-Protestant daughter
--Mary and William (Netherlands) |
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-Takes throne once William dies
-Supporter of the Mercantile Class
-theatre becomes more conservative |
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| "A Short View of Immorality and Profaneness on the English Stage" |
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-Pamphlet written by Jeremy Collier
-believed in neo-classical ideas
--to teach and to please
-change in the type of plays and drama |
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-Sentimentality
--unnaturally good
--middle class
--happy endings
--"a pleasure too exquisit for laughter"
-Humanism
--18th Century philosophers
--all are born naturally good
-George Lillo writes "The London Merchant"
--Very popular |
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-Pantomimes
--Afterpieces
--Mix of Mythology (Serious, Spoken) and Commedia (Humor, mute)
--Elaborate Spectacle
--Harlequin, magic wand
-Ballad Opera
--First was "The Beggar's Opera"
--Spoken dialogue and popular tunes |
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-Cant speak english
-Sir Robert Walpole, liasion, "1st prime minister" |
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-Continues to let Walpole rule (basically)
-Playwrights begin to poke fun at George and Walpole |
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-1737
1.) Prohibited - Gain, Hire, reward if not licensed
2.)Authorized
-Drury Lane
-Covent Garden
-"Dish of chocolates", money underneath
-"Auction of Pictures" |
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-Wrote "She Stoops to Conqure"
-Adds back Comedy of Manners aspects |
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| Richard Brinsley Sheridan |
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-Wrote "The Rivals"
-Wrote "The School for Scandal"
-Adds back Comedy of Manners aspects |
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| -If play makes it to 3rd night you get all the money Theatre made, minus Theatre expenses |
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| A Theatre can buy a play and put it in their Repertory, Playwrights are paid every 14 years |
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| Philippe Jaques DeLoutherbourg |
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Says we need...
-Real places
-to avoid symmetry
-CORDINATION |
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-Contemporary Clothing
--Unless playing exotic/foreign
-Costume stock
--Every season 12 new Dresses/Suit Coats
-"Purse" mattered, no your role |
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-Actors teach other actors
-Roles
1.) Leading (Juliet, Romeo, Lear...)
2.) Supporting
3.) Third Line (Walking) [Cameo]
4.) Utility [ensemble]
-"Possession of Parts"
--Actors own parts until they don't get audience approval anymore |
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| Copied Sides, run rehearsals, assesed fines, called all the shifts [Stage Manager] |
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-famous for playing "Shylock" as dramatic
-Killed a man for allegedly taking his wig |
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-Manager
-Wide array of roles (comedic/dramatic)
-By play, creating business on stage
-Had an agreeable voice
-Listene to the Immediate situation
-1762- BANNED SPECTATORS FROM THE STAGE |
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| Royal Warrant allowing women to act onstage |
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-famous actress
-Disaster to The Greatest Actress
-The Earl of Rochester
-rehearsed a part 30 times
-performed over 100 roles
-1st woman to have a benefit night
-never left the stage |
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| -First successful british colony |
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| -Built first Theatre in America (Williamsburg) |
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1751 - Theatre Closed
-Sent Lewis Hallam, Mrs. Lewis Hallam and 12 adults
-Beginning of Professional theatre in U.S.
-Tour (NY, Philadelphia, Charleston) |
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-1st U.S. playwright
-Satirized British Soldiers |
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-prominent design family
-Ferninado created Angled perspective |
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-Reformed Commedia
-Idealized Middle Class
-Nobility decadent
-Idealized females
-No Masks
-Beter Speech
-Stock Characters softened
-No Improv |
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-Writes "Fiabe's": Fantasy, Fun
--brings back Commedia elements |
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-Wrote "Zaire"
-"Voix du Sang"
--Instinctive attraction to blood relatives
-Liberalize neo-classicism
-Ghots, Violence
-1759 - NO SPECTATORS ON STAGE |
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-Subtle changes in characters/psy. conflicts
-distinctive prose of style - concerned w/ feelings |
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-Wrote "The Barber of Seville"
-Wrote "The Marriage of Figaro"
-Culmination of all french servants
-Founded "Society of Authors" |
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| Illegitimate Theatre (France) |
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-boils down dialogue
-rhyming couplets
-no speaking or singing on stage |
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-Greatest Prestige
-Operated by Long Run
-3 Performances a week
-begin charging other companies for use of music |
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-Pensionnaires: an actor season by season
-Socieotaires- a permanent actor that gets a cut |
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-Daily
-Rep announced 2 weeks in advance
-Doubled (pensionaires go on for socieotaires)
-Lines of business
-Start at 5 pm |
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-Major Competiiton
-Dressed as Characters
-1753-Mme Favart
--Scanty peasant dress |
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-Converted Tennis Courts
-Divide box seats
-Standing pit |
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-Angle Perspective
-Large Sets |
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-Philosopher
-Middle Genre
-Reality/Everyday life
-Prose
-4th Wall/Training
-"The Paradox of the Actor" |
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-1648
-Germans love France |
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-Copy French court/Italy
-Import best Actors, Designers, etc.
-Opera |
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-Training, deportment
-Teach Doctrine
-Counter Reformation
-1551 - 1st Recorded production
-One play a year, cast students
-rhetoric professor wrote plays, moral tone
-Latin, eventually vernacular
-Well equipped theatres
-Prose, perspective, special effects
-Theatre is a tool, noat a profession |
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| Early German Public Theatre |
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Definition
-Elizabethan Actors
--Renaissance - 1586
--Court-to-Court
--if it was English it was Quality |
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-Intellectual leader
-German literary expression (vernacular)
-increase Morals/Artistic taste of all
-Meets Caroline and Johann Neuber (Actors)
--1727 - Reform theatre |
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| Problems of German Theatre |
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-New rep.
-Get Rid of:
--H/N
--Improv
--Afterpieces
--That fucking clown
-Imitate/translate Neo-Classicism plays |
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-Careful rehearsals 92 weeks, half a day)
-Additional Duties
-Police personal lives |
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| Caroline Nuber is forced to |
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-Compromise
-tour
-1739-Partnership is over |
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-1st Truly successful German playwright
-Critic/Adviser
-edit journal
0reperatory01st Dramaturg in the world
-Wrote sentimental drama
--"Miss sara Sampson"-1755
-English - liked mode of expression |
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-Storm and Stress
-1767-1787
-"Formless" rebellion
-Multiple Scenes, plots
-Emotionalism
-Shocking subject Matter
--Lots of spectacle, rapid scenery shifts
-Shakespeare becomes more accepted in Germany
-Opens door for Romanticism |
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| National Theatres of Germany |
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-1775: First National State-Subsidised theatre opens in Gotha
--"Court" theatre
--Non-profit
--Everyone is state Employee
--Everyone gets Pension
-1780's - Theatres all over
-Ruler vied for "Best" theatre
-Permanent Buildings
-Touring decreases
-Spectacle increases |
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-Contemporary Dress
-Men: Black breeches, suit coat (Provided by Theatre)
-Playing time, 4-5 pm/daily |
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| Johann Wofgang Von Goether |
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-Universal Genius
-Greatest Literary figure
-1775 - Weimar
-Visits Italy - Sees Classical mode
-1791 - Duke puts Goethe in charge of Weimar Court theatre |
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-Share same Artistic views as Goether
--Transform Ordinary experience
--Verse - Proper enunciation
--Simple harmonius settings, costumes
--Precise, rhythmic speech
--Movement, grouping
--Posture, stance
*Grace, dignity, ease
--Coach, several months on line readings, interp., conductor
--plots out actors on grid
--"Faust" - 1808: dramatic poem |
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