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| an outsider who was empowered to govern a town for a limited period of time |
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| A medieval union or corporation that monopolized the production of a product with the intent of sustaining a healthy market |
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- an inland town on the Arno River that traded through the port of Pisa
- One of the birthplaces of the Renaissance
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| Commander of a mercenary army |
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| Florentine historian who wrote The Prince |
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| Poet who wrote The Divine Comedy |
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devoted disciple of Petrarch
wrote the Decameron |
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| English author who wrote The Canterbury Tales |
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| carved the statue of David |
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| painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
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| follower of Luther who was called the "prince of humanists" |
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| explored the coast of Africa and charted a sea route across the Indian Ocean that linked Portugal to the port of Calicut |
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Genoese sailor and mapmaker who emigrated to Portugal
Sailed across the Atlantic Ocean where he discovered many new lands including America |
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| completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth |
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| a longitudinal line decreed by the pope in 1494 to divide territories in the western hemisphere between Spain and Portugal |
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Habsburg heir who was elected Holy Roman Emperor during Luther's time (1519-1556)
at the end of his life he divided his holdings among his brother and son and left office to join a monastery |
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| a military alliance named for the town where its leaders met |
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| brother of Charles V who was given the land of Austria and HAbsburgs to rule when he retired |
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| son of Charles V who was given Spain, the NEtherlands, and the growing estates in the New Word to rule when Charles V retired |
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| a truce that was declared between Protestant and Catholic factions in Germany in 1555 and which prevented religious conflict in Germany until 1618 |
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| a devastating war fought on German territory from 1618-1648, originating as a conflict between Germany's Protestants and Catholics, concern for the balance of power ultimately encouraged French and Scandinavian monarchs to intervene |
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first major figure of the Swiss reformation
he and Luther disagreed primarily about predestination |
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also known as Swiss Brethren
considered infant baptism to be unbiblical and rebaptized adults who had been baptized as infants |
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Frenchman who settled in Geneva
He and Luther agreed that the Bible was the sole guide to faith and that salvation was entirely from God, both endorsed predestination, they differed on the principles of predestination-Luther says that it is God's decision ultimately, Calving says that you should still do good works |
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| Pope who founded the Vatican library |
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| the international agreement concluded in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and resolved numerous boundary disputes |
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| a church council, meeting from 1545-1563, that was charged with the responsibility of strengthening the Roman Catholic Church to equip it to respond to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation |
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| English rulers in chronological order |
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| Henry, Edward, Mary, Elizabeth |
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married Catherine(nephew Charles V) who gave birth to Mary
married Anne Boleyn who gave birth to Elizabeth
married Jane Seymour who gave birth to male heir Edward VI
then married Anne of Cleves |
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| archbishop of Canterbury who declared that Henry VIII had never been married to Catherine and that Anne Boleyn was his legal wife |
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Henry VIII son who took over the throne at 9 years old
died after reigning for 6 years |
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Henry VIII daughter who took over the throne after Edward VI death
eager to restore England's allegiance to the papacy
married Philip II-heir to Spain |
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| Henry of Navarre(Henry IV) |
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| said "Paris is worth a mass" because he was a Protestant and became a nominal Catholic in order to be crowned king of France |
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a decree that King Henry IV issued in 1598 that established places in France where Protestants could legally worship
granted toleration of Huguenots
similar to Peace of Augsburg because they both allowed people who were religious minorities to live in designated areas |
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Lutheran
he is known for the making of the King James Version of the Bible |
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son of James I
he and his father both agreed that kings rule by the grace of God and don't need Parliament to govern
was executed after losing the war to Oliver Cromwell |
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| parliamentary forces that fought against Charles I and were led by Oliver Cromwell |
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