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| The doctrine set forth in the social theory of Jeremy Bentham in the 19th century that the final goal of society and humans is "the greatest good for the greatest number." What gave pleasure to humans was good and what gave pain was wrong. |
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| An economic and political system in which goods and property are owned collectively or by the state; the socialist movement began as a reaction to the excesses of the factory system in the 19th century and ultimately called for either reforming or abolishing industrial capitalism. |
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| A rational approach to Bible study, developed in german Protestant circles in the 19th century, that treated the biblical Scriptures as literature and subjected them to close scrutiny, testing the literary history, authorship, and meaning. |
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| The theory, set forth in the 19th century by Charles Darwin, that plants and animals, including humans, evolved over millions of years from simpler forms through a process of natural selection. |
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| In art and literature, a mid- to late- 19th century style that focused on the middle to lower classes, portraying their lives in serious, accurate, and unsetimental ways; opposed to Romanticism. |
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| A Romantic movement that criticized formal religions and drew inspiration from the belief that divinity is accessible without the neccessity of meditation. Their God manifested intelf into many forms. |
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| A literary genre, either written by slaves or told by slaves to secretaries, which emerged prior to the Civil war; the genre launched by Frederick Douglas displays the harsh details of the inhumane and unjust slave systems, which contributed to the Realist movement. |
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| What group was created by industrialization? |
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| the proletariat, or working class, who showed their frustration through uprisings and social movements. |
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| The individual should be free from external control. They wanted constitutionally guaranteed political and civil rights, such as free speech, religous toleration, and voting. Embraced laissez-faire economics. Successful in England, France, and Belgium |
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| Emphasized cooperation among all of a country's people who shared a common language and heritage. Became a force in central, southern, and eastern Europe. after 1848, became militant. |
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| Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) |
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| Appealed to both the bourgeoisie and working class. aided the poor with social services, and with an economic plan. |
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| Robert Owen, Comte de Saint-Simon, and Charles Fourier, shared the belief that a more just society could be introduced using the discoveries about society made in communal associations. They were more concerned with the fruits of industrialism than the creation of goods. |
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| Reinterpreted Utilitariansim, he forecasted that the state and masses would destroy individual rights and dignity. |
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| Studied Hegel. Wrote the Communist Manifesto, which became the Bible of socialism. According to Marx, history moved in a dialectical pattern were class conflicts unfolded as one economic group relaced another. each class brought about its own gravedigger. He forcasted the revolt of the proletariat againt the bourgeoisie. Socialism appealed to women because it called for universal emancipation. |
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| Geologist who proved the earth was much older than Christians claimed |
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| proposed the germ theory of disease. |
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John Dalton - effective atomic theory
Dmitri Mendeleev - periodic table of elements
anesthetics and surgery advanced. |
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| Leading exponent of Romanticism in France. Wrote poetry and plays which showed scenes of rousing action and characters with limitless ambition. He wrote Les Miserables, whose main character is a symbol to the rising masses' will to freedom. |
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| Georg Sand (French Romantic) |
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| A woman who took this pen name to keep from embarrassing people she knew. Called the first "modern, liberated woman." First woman to take an active role in politics. He first novel, Indiana, is praised for its accurate depiction of the constraints of married women. Critics read this novel as an attack on the Napoleonic Code, which placed wives under the control of their husbands. |
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| Emily Bronte (Engligh Romantic) |
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| Created a Romantic atmosphere through mysterious events, ghostly appataritions, and graveyeard scenes. |
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| Transcedentalists (American Romantics) |
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Henry David Thoreau
Emily Dickinson
Walt Whitman |
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| Charlotte Bronte (English Romantic) |
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| Jane Eyre - showed deep passions and well as her utlimate willingness to sacrfice feelings for moral values. |
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| Honore de Balzac (French Realist) |
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| Foreshadowed the major traits of Realism in a hundred novels that make up The Human Comedy. Dealt with large subjects and pointing out how materialism had increased more than friendship and family. |
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| Gustave Flaubert (French realist) |
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| Madame Bovary - adultery. Unlike Balzac, he focused on one single subject. He portrays the everyday life of small town folk. |
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| Charles Dickens (English realist) |
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| Favored stories dealing with harsh realities of urban and industrialized life. Started optimistic, holding out hope for his characters, but later seemed pessimmistic about social reform and industrialization. |
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