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| The sum total of an individual's beliefs about his/her own personal attributes. |
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| A belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self relevant information. |
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| When do infants first begin to recognize themselves in the mirror? |
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| Do non-humans show self recognition? |
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The only other animal apart from humans that shows self recognition is great apes.
(chimps, gorillas, orangutans) |
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| What makes "self" a social concept? |
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We draw perceptions of ourself based on what we think other people see.
us humans have a habit of not truly knowing what others think of us but rather making stuff up based on how we percieve other people. |
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The process of predicting how one would feel in response to future.
an example of that would be happiness predicting after winning a lot of money. you'd think you'd be super duper happy but that would only last a little while before you would come back down to your original general state of emotion. |
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The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behaviour.
making inferences about yourself by observing your own actions. |
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| Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
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Definition
the hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion.
you smile and you start to feel happy. |
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The tendancy for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors.
people begin to wonder if the reward is high enough to continue pursuit of the activity. |
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| people are more likely to do something if they are challenged and interested in it rather than pressured by deadlines, money, or impressions. |
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the theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others.
people tend to evaluate themselves as more unique from those around them than they truly are. |
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| Two-Factor Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretations of that arousal. |
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| Autobiographical Memories |
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Definition
Memories of an individual's life that play an important role in shaping self.
Older adults tend to retrieve a larger number of personal memories from their adolescence and early adulthood years.
People in general tend to remember transitional "firsts".
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values the virtues of independance, self-reliance, and autonomy.
social connections are seperate from the self. |
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Values the virtues of interdependance, cooperation, and social harmony.
social connections are a part of the self. |
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An Eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person.
"beware of your friends, not your enemies." because the friend can also be the enemy and the enemy can also be the friend. |
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| An affective component of the self, consisting of a person's positive and negative self-evaluations. |
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The theory that human's cope with the fear of their own death by constructing world views that help to preserve their self esteem.
fight or flight |
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| Are there race differences in self esteem? |
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Definition
In America, African Americans score consistently higher than white Americans on their self esteem measures.
However: hispanics, asians, and natives all scored lower. |
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| Our self esteem is defined by the match or mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves. |
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| The theory that the self focused attention leads people to notice self discrepanciesk, thereby motivating either an escape from self awareness or a change in behaviour. |
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| Private Self-Consciousness |
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Definition
| a personality characteristic of individuals who are introspective, often attending to their own inner states. |
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| Public Self-Consciousness |
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| A personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others. |
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Sometimes the harder you try to control a though, feeling, or behaviour, the less likely you are to succeed.
true or false? |
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A nonconscious form of self-enhancement.
ie) people rate the letters in their name higher than any other letters in the alphabet. |
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| Behaviours designed to sabatoge one's own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure. |
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Bask In Reflected Glory
BIRGing |
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Definition
| To increase self-esteem by associating with others who are successful. |
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Cutting of Reflected Failure
CORFing |
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Cutting off failures from one's life.
your sports team loses so you start disassociating yourself with them.
Opposite of BIRGing. |
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| Downward Social Comparison |
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| The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are. |
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| Upward Social Comparisons |
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| People relate to those that are better off than them in order to create a motivation to do better. Sometimes this just ends up in a blow to the self esteem. |
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| Strategies people use to shape what others think of them. |
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| The tendency to change behaviour in response to the self presentation concerns of the situation. |
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It is more adaptive to alter one's behaviour than to stay consistent from one social situation to the next.
true or false? |
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