Term
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Definition
Isoptera (termites)
Hymenoptera (Ants, bees, wasps) |
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Term
| Termite workers versus bee/wasp/ant workers |
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Definition
| Termites=male/female; Bees/wasps/ants= female only |
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Term
| Members of social group of bees and wasps |
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Definition
- One queen, many workers
- Workers not always sterile
- Workers not different phenotypes
- Sine bees/wasps will be solitary |
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Term
| Members of social group of ants |
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Definition
- A lot of variation
- Worker "door" (flat head to guard "door")
- Male has wings, workers do not
- Honey ant work "larder" (stores nectar) |
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Term
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Definition
- Pregnant female flies to find suitable colony; when she does, loses her wings
- Births only female larvae, then she cares for them, but later, workers care for young
- When environmental conditions permit, queen will birth a few males, and females with wings |
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Term
| Size and interactions between ant colonies |
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Definition
- Colonies can range in size from a few workers to many million
- Most ant colonies are aggressive toward one another, but others interact peacefully to form a "supercolony" |
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Term
| Example of of peaceful ant colony interactions |
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Definition
- Argentine Ants
_When interoduced into the U.S., small founder population, so low genetic diversity and little competition causes ants in other colonies to have similar genes, and promotes cooperation as they will treat each other as kin |
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Term
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Definition
| Equipotential: capable of developing into any kind of worker (or queen) |
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Term
| What can insects learn and remember? |
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Definition
- location of food sources and homes
- to discriminate strangers from hive-mates
- to remember which individuals are dominant/subordinate to them |
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Term
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Definition
| Acid emitted by dead ant corpse to indicate workers should carry them off |
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Term
Honeybee hives contain:
1) number of workers
2) collection of pollen |
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Definition
1) 10,000-40,000 workers (mostly female)
2) ~60kg pollen, necessitating several million trips (forage for pollen and nectar several miles away) |
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Term
| As bees age, the relative probability of task performance shifts in what sequence? |
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Definition
Youngest to Oldest (lifespan 4-7 weeks):
Cleaning cells, feeding larvae, feeding nestmates, packing pollen, foraging |
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Term
Influences in the development of foraging behavior:
1) Hormonal
2) Brain Development |
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Definition
1) Juvenile hormone causes development of foraging behavior; inhibited by mandibular pheromones produced by the queen and older workers; more older workers, more inhibition (exp, if young bees added to hive, young resident bees go forage; if older bees added to colony, young resident bees don't forage)
2) Mushroom body of worker brain increases in volume with age; allows foragers to learn sun's ephemeris function, foraging routes, location of hive, etc. |
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Term
| Alternative mating strategies in paper wasps |
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Definition
1)- solitary breeder who builds own nest or who takes over another's nest (queens can nest alone)
2)- Colonial breeder who cooperates w/ other females to build and defend nest (usually 2-3 females but can be up to 7)
females often but not always closely related
a dominance hierarchy in which the dominant queen has the major share of reproduction (but colonial breeder cooperation doesn't always last) |
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Term
Colonial vs. solitary breeders
Why? |
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Definition
Brain size! Colonial breeders have larger brains than solitary breeders
Perhaps due to need to discriminate strangers from net-mates, recognize who is dominant/subordinate; selective pressure for large brains |
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Term
| Order of brain volume in different breeders of paper wasps |
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Definition
| Solitary have smaller ranges of % brain volume in antennal lobe/ collar; subordinate colonial breeders have larger % brain volume of both; dominant colonial breeders have even still larger % brain volume of both |
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Term
1) Qualities of Eusocial Species (like scrub jays or meerkats)
2) Qualities occurring only in eusocial insects** (never occurs in mammals no matter what) |
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Definition
1) - Many adults live together in group
- Overlapping generations
- Cooperation among adults in nest-building, care of young
- Reproductive Dominance
**2) - Sterile castes (in some species)
- Division of labor |
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Term
| Sociality determined by...? |
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Definition
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Term
Two possible routes to sociality:
1)
2) |
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Definition
1) Famillial route (staying home to help; high r will permit extreme skew)
2) Parasocial route (sharing a nest)
Sociality will remain if there is a high cost of dispersal |
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Term
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Definition
(Bees and ants)
Females develop from fertilized eggs
Males develop from unfertilized eggs
- Have no father
- male formation of gametes involves no meiosis so all gametes are identical
-Each of a male's daughters receives identical sets of genes
-Males cannot have sons |
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Term
| Calculating r in diploid species |
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Definition
Diploid: Offspring gets 1/2 of genetic material from mother and 1/2 from father
Individual has 50% probability of getting gene from mom x 50% probability of getting gene from dad; 50% probability of sister sharing genes from mother, and 50% probability of sharing genes from father
Therefore,
Full sibs= (1/2(getting mom's genes) x 1/2(sister getting same genes from mom))+ (1/2(getting dad's genes) x (1/2 sister getting same genes from dad)= (.5x.5)(from mother) + (.5x.5)(from father)=r=0.5 |
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Term
| Calculating r in haplodiploid species |
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Definition
Father is haploid so 50% of female genome has 100% probability of being shared w/ sister (is identical to sister's)
Mother is diploid, so 50% of female's genome has 50% chance of being shared w/ sister
r of sisters: .5 (from dad) + (.5x.5)(from mom)= r= 0.75
From sister's perspective, her brother is a half sib (same mother different father (no father)), so r=0.25
From brother's perspective, %100 chance son inherits mother's gene, and 50% chance sister inherits same gene from mother. Therefore r=0.5 from brother's perspective |
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Term
| Conflicts b/t queens and workers over sex allocation |
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Definition
Queen related by .5 to daughters and sons; preferred offspring sex ratio is 1:1
Workers related to sisters by .75 and brothers by .25 so prefered sex ratio is 3:1 |
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Term
| Who controls laying ratio? Who controls survival ratio? |
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Definition
Queen controls laying ratio
Workers control survival ratio
In ants where queen mates only once, combined weight of all female reproductives tends to be 3x that of male reproductives |
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Term
| Conflicts b/t queens and workers over reproduction |
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Definition
Percent of reproductive workers decreases as policing increases; Percnt of reproductive workers increases as relatedness among workers increases
Female worker can produce eggs often if they get old/large enough
Other workers police to prevent sons from other worker eggs
% of workers producing eggs increases w/ relatedness to sisters (up to .75) because worker could be related to nephew by up to .35 (which is >.25 of brother, who they try to control as making up only 25% of population otherwise) |
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Term
| Requirements of Eusociality |
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Definition
Overlapping generation
High effort expended in parental care
Non-reproductive can aid in parental care |
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Term
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Definition
Nest defense
Low opportunity for young to disperse
Need to cooperate to rear young |
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Term
| Need for/ benefit from eusociality |
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Definition
Hamilton's rule: B is very high, C is very low
Need for help, fight disease, defend against predators, etc |
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Term
| Haplodiploidy and Eusociality |
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Definition
Haplodiploidy helps to explain maintenance of eusociality once it has arisen through ecological factors
Haplodiploidy only predisposes individuals to be eusocial: not all eusocial species are haplodiploid (termites, naked mole rats); not all haplodiploid species are eusocial (many wasps) |
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