Very large projection.

Ex: greater trochanter of the femur

Small, rounded projection.

Ex: greater tubercle of the humerus

• eight total
• protect brain
• house ear ossicles
• muscle attachment for jaw, neck and facial muscles

• 14 total
• protect delicate sense organs - smell, taste, vision
• support entrances to digestive and respiratory system

• forms forehead, roof of orbits, and anterior cranial floor
• frontal suture gone by age 6 (metopic suture)
• supraorbital margin and frontal sinus

• temporal squama
• zygomatic process forms part of arch
• external auditory meatus
• mastoid process
• styloid process
• mandibular fossa
• petrous portion
• carotid and jugular foramen
• stylomastoid foramen

• foramen magnum
• occipital condyles
• external occipital protuberance attachment for ligamentum nuchae
• superior and inferior nuchal lines

• Base of skull
• pterygoid processes are attachment sites for jaw muscles
• greater and lessor wings
• body is a cubelike portion holding sphenoid sinuses

• cranial floor, lateral nasal walls and nasal septum
• cribriform plate adn olfactory foramina
• crista galli for attachement of membranes covering the brain
• lateral masses contain ethmoid sinuses
• perpendicular plate is upper part of nasal septum
• superior and middle nasal concha or turbinates
• filters and warms air

• floor of orbit, floor of nasal cavity or hard palate
• maxillary sinus
• alveolar processes hold upper teeth
• cleft palate is lack of union of maxillary bones

• cheekbones
• lateral wall of orbit along with sphenoid
• part of zygomatic arch along with part of temporal

• Paired cavities in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxillary bones
• lined with mucous membranes and open into nasal cavity
• resonating chambers for voice, lighten the skull
• sinusitis is inflammation of the membrane (allergy)

• Identify the following characteristics:
• Body, angle and rami
• condylar and coronoid processes
• alveolar processes for lower teeth
• mandibular adn mental foramen

• Dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces (soft spots)
• unossified at birth but close early in child's life
• fetal skull passes trhough the birth canal
• rapid growth of the brain during infancy

• u-shaped single bone
• articulates with no other bone of the body
• suspended by ligament and muscle from skull
• supports the tongue and muscle from skull
• usually studied with the bones of the skull

• backbone or spine built of 26 vertebrae
• five regions
1. cervical vertebrae (7) in the neck
2. thoracic vertebrae (12) in the thorax
3. lumbar bertebrae (5) in the lower back
4. sacrum (5, fused vertebrae)
5. coccyx (4 fused vertebrae)

• Body - weight bearing
• Vertebral arch - pedicles and laminae
• Vertebral foramen - spinal cord passes through
• Seven processes
• 2 transverse
• 1 spinous
• 4 articular

• absorb vertical shock
• Permit various movements of the vertebral column
• fibrocartilaginous ring witha  pulpy center

• Smaller bodies
• larger vertebrae foramen for spinal canal
• transverse processes
• shorter
• transverse foramen for vertebral artery
• Spinous processes of C2 to C6 often bifid (two horns)
• 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae are unique
• atlas and axis

• Larger and stronger bodies
• longer transverse and spinous processes
• facets or demifacets on body for head of rib
• facets on transverse processes (T1-T10) for tubercle of ribs

Strongest and largest vertebrae. Short thick spinous and transverse processes compared to thoracic vertebrae.

Attachement sites for back musculature.

• 5 fused vertebrae
• union of S1-S5 by age 30
• median sacral crest was spinous processes
• sacral ala is fused transverse processes
• sacral canal ends at sacral hiatus
• auricular surface and sacral tuberosity of S1 joint

• Tail bone
• union of 4 vertebrae (Co1-Co4) by age 30
• Caudal or epidural anesthesia during delivery
• into sacral hiatus anesthetize sacral and coccygeal nerves
• sacral and coccygeal cornu are important landmarks

• At month 3 in utero, the end of the spinal cord meets up with the end of the vertebral column.
• At birth, the spinal cord only extends to L3.
• As an adult, the spinal cord extents to L1/L2.

• bony cage flattened from front to back
• sternum (breastbone)
• ribs
• 1-7 are true ribs (vertebrosternal)
• 8-12 are false ribs(vertebrochondral)
• 11-12 are floating

• costal cartilages
• bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

• Manubrium
• superior aspect
• 1st and 2nd ribs attach
• clavicular notch
• Body
• cartilages of 2-10 ribs
• Xiphoid process
• inferior aspect
• ossifies by 40
• CPR position
• abdominal muscles attach

• Increase in length from ribs 1-7; the true ribs then decrease in length for false and floating ribs
• Head and tubercle articulate with facets
• Body with costal groove containing nerve and blood vessels
• intercostal spaces contain intercostal muscles

• shoulder (glenohumeral)
• elbow
• wrist
• metacarpophalangeal
• interphalangeal

• Ischial spine and tuberosity
• Lesser sciatic notch
• ramus
• posterior and inferior to the Ilium

• Body
• Superior and inferior ramus
• Anterior to Ischium
• Inferior to Ilium
• Pubic symphysis is pad of fibrocartilage between two pubic bones

• Longest & strongest bone in body
• Head articulates with acetabulum
• Greater & lesser trochanters adjacent to head
• Medial & lateral condyles, which articulate with tibia
• Patellar surface anteriorly between condyles

• Medial & larger bone of lower leg
• Weight-bearing
• Lateral & medial condyles
• Tibial tuberosity for patellar ligament
• Proximal tibiofibular joint
• medial malleolus at ankle

• Not part of knee joint
• Muscle attachment only
• lateral malleolus at ankle
• Smaller bone of the lower leg

Points of contact between:

• 2 bones
• cartilage and bone
• teeth and bones

Type of connective tissue holding bones together:

• fibrous joints
• cartilaginous joints
• synovial joints

Based upon movement:

• Immovable - synarthrosis
• slightly movable - amphiarthrosis
• freely movable - diarthrosis

• No synovial cavity
• Bones are held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
• No movement (synarthrosis) or little movement (amphiarthrosis)
• 3 types:
1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses
3. Interosseous membranes

• Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull
• Immovable (synarthrosis)

• Syndesmosis (semimovable)
• Fibrous ligament holds cone-shaped ped in bony socket
• Example: teeth

• Substantial sheet of irregular dense connective tissue
• binds to neighboring long bones (e.g. radius and ulna)
• Permits slight movement

• no synovial cavity
• bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilatge
• no movement (synarthrosis) or little movement (amphiarthrosis)
• Two types:
1. Synchondroses
2. Symphyses

• Connecting material is hyaline cartilage
• Immovable (synarthrosis)
• Epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum (e.g. femur)

• Fibrocartilage is connecting material
• Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
• Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

• Synovial cavity separates articulating bones
• Freely movable (diarthroses)
• Articular cartilage
• Articular capsule
• Synovial membrane

• Attach around edges to joint capsule
• allow two bones of different shapes to fit tightly
• Increase stabiltiy of knee

• Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
• side to side movement only
• Rotation prevented by ligaments
• Examples:
• Intercarpal or intertarsal joints
• sternoclavicular joint
• vertebrocostal joints

• Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of second
• uniaxial like a door hinge
• Examples:
• Knee
• elbow
• ankle
• Movements: flexion, extension and hyperextension

• Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by second bone and ligament
• Monoaxial, since it only allows rotation around longitudinal axis
• Examples:
• Proximal radioulnar joint
• Atlanto-axial joint

• A synovial joint
• Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression
• Biaxial - flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possible
• Examples:
• wrist
• metacarpophalangeal joints (digits 2-5)

• A synovial joint
• One bone saddled-shaped and the other fits as a rider
• Biaxial
• circumduction allows tip of thumb to travel in a circle
• opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of other fingers

• A synovial joint
• ball fitting into a cuplike depression
• Multiaxial
• Examples:
• shoulder joint
• hip joint

• Arrangement and tension of the mucles
• contact of soft parts (e.g. adipose tissue)
• Hormones (e.g. relaxin)
• Disuse

• Combined hinge and planar joint formed by the mandible and the temporal bone
• only movable joint between skull bones
• only the mandible moves

• Ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the scapula.
• More freedom of movement than any other joint of the body.
• Articular capsule from glenoid cavity to anatomical neck.
• Glenoid labrum deepens socket
• Many nearby bursae
• Transverse humeral ligament holds biceps tendon in place.

• Attach humerus to scapula
• Encircle the joint supporting the capsule
• Hold head of humerus in socket

• Hinge joint
• trochlear notch of ulna and troclea of humerus
• flexion and extension of elbow
• Pivot joint
• head of radius and capitulum of humerus
• supination and pronation of forearm

• Radial annular ligament holds head of radius in place
• Collateral ligaments maintain integrity of joint

• Dense, strong capsule reinforced by ligaments
• iliofemoral ligament (ilium to femur)
• ischiofemoral ligament (ischium to femur)
• pubofemoral ligament (pubic bone to femur)
• One of the strongest structures in the body

• Acetabular labrum
• Ligament of the head of the femur
• Articular capsule

• Largest and most complex joint of the body
• Modified hinge joint
• Patella is part of joint capsule anteriorly
• Rest of articular capsule is extracapsular ligaments
• fibular and tibial collateral ligaments