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| detect chemicals in solution; receptors for taste and smell |
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| respond to light; in the retina of the eye' |
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| detect changes in temperature; many located in skin |
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| respond to movement, such as stretch, pressure, or vibration;located in skin (pressure receptors), receptors that monitor body position, receptors of hearing and equilibrium in the ear |
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| when sensory receptors are exposed to a continuous and unimportant stimulus, they often adjust so that the sensation becomes less acute |
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| separation between upper and lower eyelids; the levator palpebrae is attached to the upper eyelid; when this muscle contracts it keeps the eye open; |
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| cylindrical, about 120 million in each retina, toward the periphery (anterior) of the retina, stimulated by dim light, deal with low sharpness, it’s pigment is rhodopsin, doesn’t have color perception, only shades of gray; highly sensitive to light, and function best in dim light, don’t provide a sharp image; |
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| flask shaped, about six million in each retina, concentrated at the center of the retina, stimulated by bright light, give sharper images, pigments are sensitive to red green or blue, respond to color; function best in bright light, sensitive to color, and give sharp images; |
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| coordinated changes in the lens of the eye that enable one to focus on near and far objects |
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| tiny depressed area near the optic nerve; contains the highest concentration of cones, point of sharpest vision |
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| The optic nerve arises from the retina a little toward the medial or nasal side of the eye. There are no retinal rods and cones in the area of the optic nerve and this forms a blind spot or optic disk. |
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| farsightedness; results from an abnormally short eyeball; light rays focus behind the retina becaue the lens cannot bend them sharply enough to focus them on the retina; can’t see close, but can see far |
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| nearsightedness; another eye defect related to development; eyeball is too long or the cornea bends the light rays too sharply, so that the focal point is in front of the retina; distant objects appear blurred, and only near objects can be seen clearly |
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| – irregularity in the curvature of the cornea or the lens light rays are incorrectly bent, causing blurred vision |
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| a deviation of the eye that results from lack of eyeball muscle coordination. The two eyes do not work together; in convergent strabismus, the eye deviates toward the nasal side; in divergent strabismus, the affect eye deviates laterally; |
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| inflammation of the conjunctiva; pinkeye is a highly contagious acute conjunctivitis caused by cocci or bacilli; wind and excessive glare can also cause it; |
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| scratch of the cornea caused by a foreigh body; may leave scar tissue that light rays cannot penetrate; |
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| condition characterized by excess pressure of the aqueous humor; this fluid is produced constantly from the blood, and after circulation in the eye, it is reabsorbed into the blood stream; interference with this leads to increased pressure inside the eyeball; causes vague visual disturbances; |
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| an opacity (cloudiness) of the lens or the lens’ outer covering; causes gradual loss of visual acuity; leads to complete vision loss if left without treatment; |
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| another leading cause of blindness; refers to macula lutea, the yellow are of the retina that contains the fovea centralis changes in this area distort the center of the visual field; in dry form, material accumulates on the retina; in wetform, blood vessels grow under retina causing it to detach |
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| retina separates from the underlying choroid layer as a result of trauma or an accumulation of fluid or tissue between the layers; could result in blindness if left untreated; |
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| the retina is damaged by blood vessel hemorrhages and growth of new vessels; |
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| the three small bones in the small flattened space of the middle ear cavity |
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| vestibulocochlear nerve/vestibular nerve/cochlear nerve |
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| cochlear is branch of the eight cranial nerve; bring senses from ear to brain? |
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| infection and inflammation of the middle ear cavity; relatively common; a variety of bacteria and viruses can cause it; |
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| inflammation of the external auditory canal; can be caused by fungus or bacterium; most common among those living in hot climates and among swimmers |
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| sensation of spinning or a sensation that the environment is spinning; caused by a delay in the return of vestibular hairs to their resting position; dizziness or lightheadedness; inflammation can cause it also |
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| balance; sensory receptors in the vestibule and semicircular canals; they respond to acceleration and are ciliated hair cells’ as the head moves, a shift in the position of the cilia within a thick material around them genearates a nerve impulse; each receptor called a macula; otolithic membrane is the gelatinous material in which they are embedded; |
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| Conductive hearing loss vs. sensorineural hearing loss |
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| conductive hearing loss results from interference with the passage of sound waves from the outside toi the inner ear; wax or foreign body may obstruct the external canal; blockage of the auditory tube prevents the equalization of air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane, therby decreasing the membrane’s ability to vibrate; can also be from damage to the tympanic membrane; sensorineural hearing loss may involve the cochlea, the vistibulocochlear nerve, or the brain areas concerned with hearing; could be from prolonged exposure to loud noises; |
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| sense of taste; involves receptors in the tongue and two different nerves that carry impules to the brain; taste buds are the receptors; papillae are enclosed in raised projections |
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| sense of smell; can detect harmful substances in environment and helps to warn of spoiled food; trigger memories and other psychological responses; receptors are located in the epithelium of the nasal cavity’s superior region; you must sniff to bring odors upward in your nose; impulses are carried by the olfactory nerve |
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| ceruminous glands/cerumin |
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| ceruminous glands produce wax; cerumen is the wax itself; |
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| noise that originates within the ear, rather than outside of it; |
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| sweet salty sour bitter umami |
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| touch, pressure, heat, cold, position, pain |
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