• Ratified by the Senate on January 15th, 1929

• 62 nations promised never to make war again and to settle all future disputes by peaceful means
• Might have worked in a world longed for peace, but not with countries like Japan, Germany and Italy
  

• The USA would not recognize any territorial gains made by force
• Had no effect on Japan
• Proposed by Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson
  

• Japan invaded in September 1931
• Need Manchuria's rich coal and iron deposits
• Japan set up a puppet state ( "independent" but is controlled by another nation)
  

• President Paul von Hindenburg called on the largest part in the country to form a government
• Hitler's National Socialist German Workers' Party was the largest party
  
• Nazis came into power on January 30th, 1933

• Belief that the state is more important than the individual, and that the nation should have a centralized government powered by a dictator with absolute power.
• Nazis were fascists
  

• Dictatorships that maintain complete control over the people of a nation.
• Individuals had no rights and all opposition to the government is suppressed by force.
  
• Nazis and fascists were totalitarianists
  

Sturmabteilung / SA

Schutzstaffel / SS

• SA = Brown-shirted storm troopers
• SS = Black-shirted - "protective group"
  
• Many members were war veterans
• Hitlers two private armies
  

• 1935 Hitler rearms despite the Versailles Treaty
• March 1936 he moves soldiers into the western region of Germany
  
• This was a threat to Britain and France
  

• Passed by congress in 1934
• It gave the President the power to make agreements with other countries that would reduce tariffs by as much as 50%
• Secretary of State Cordell Hull strongly supported lower tariffs.
• USA signed over 20 reciprocal trade agreements over the next 20 years.
  
• Foreign trade increased and many nations became more friendly towards the US.
  

• In 1934 the US signed a treaty with Cuba that abolished the Platt Amendment

• Gerald P. Nye - senator from North Dakota
• Starting April 1934, he ran a committee to invegstigate the reasons for US entry into World War I.
  

• First Neutrality Act was passed in 1935 after the invasion of Ethiopia
• The act stated that once the President declared that a state of war existed, it would be unlawful to sell arms to the countries that were fighting.
• He could also warn American citizens traveling on ships of warring countries that were doing so at their own risk.
  

• 3,000 volunteers from the US
  
• Made to fight against Francisco Franco

• July 1936, an army revolt in Spain set off a civil war
• Hitler and Mussolini made made common cause with fascist-minded General Francisco Franco who had attacked the Spanish Republican Government
• Both Hitler and Mussolini gave Franco all-out aid and armed forces.
  

• Italy and Germany cemented their friendship with a formal alliance

• Passed in February 1936, and it expanded the terms of the 1st act to prohibit extending loans and credit, as well as selling arms, to warring nations.

• After Congress agreed to apply the provisions of the neutrality acts to civil wars in January 1937, the 3rd act was passed.
• It was passed in May 1937, and stated that the 1st, and 2nd acts permanent. It also made them more flexible because the President could now permit the sale of goods other than weapons on a "cash-and-carry" basis.

• In July 1937 Japanese militarists struck again in China. Troops clashed at the Marco Polo bridge near Beijing
• Japan used it as an excuse to soon control most of China's seacoast
• Roosevelt did not invoke the Neutrality Act because Japan referred to it as an incident.
  

• On October 5th, 1937, Roosevelt delivered a speech in Chicago, he expressed his fears about the international situation of the behavior of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

• December 12th, 1937, a navy gunboat, the U.S.S. Panay, and 3 oil tankers were attacked without warning by Japanese planes in the Yangtze River in China.

• In February 1938 Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg was summoned to meet Hitler at the dictator's villa at Berchtesgaden, high in the Bavarian Alps
• After being verbally abused by Hitler, he was told that unless Austria signed an agreement dismissing members of its present government and installing Austrian Nazis in their place, Germany would attack
  

• On March 11th, 1938, German forces marched into Austria and two days later, annexed it to Germany.

• Hitler summoned Czechoslovakia's aged President, Emil Hacha, to Berlin.
• Hitler screamed that Hacha had to submit to German military occupation of the Sudetenland or else the entire country would face complete destruction.
  
• The shock was too great, and Hacha fainted, then he was injected with vitamins
  

• Czechoslovakia had France and Great Britains promise to protect it from a German takeover.
• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain asked for a meeting with Hitler
  
• At the end of September 1938, Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, and the French premier, Edouard Daladier met in Munich.
  
• Hitler told them that the Sudeten area would be his last territorial demand
  

• Signed on September 30 and German troops immediately crossed the border into Czechoslovakia.
• Within six months of the Munich Pact, Hitler broke his promise not seek additional territory.
• In March 1939 Germany took over the rest of Czechoslovakia.
  

• 1933 Hitler had announced a national economic boycott against the Jews
• They were forbidden to enter or remain in the medical or legal professions or to obtain business licenses.
  

• 1935 - The Nuremberg Laws took away the Jews' political rights. They lost their citizenship, expelled from German schools and denied medical care.
• This measure was applied to Austrian Jews after Germany and Austria were united 1938.

• On November 7th, 1938, a Seventeen-year-old Jewish refugee assassinated a German diplomat in Paris.
• Two nights later came Kristallnacht - Nazi gangs entered and burned most of the nation's synagogeous, Jewish homes, businesses, beat up the occupants. Several 100 jews committed suicide, more than one thousand were murdered. 26,000 were put into concentration camps.
  

• The League of Nations set up the High Commission for Refugees from Germany, but it had only limited success.
  
• 80,000 Refugees went to Great Britain
• 60,000 fled to the US

• Many scientists from Germany and Italy had much to do with America's leap to the forefront in science and in the arts immediately after World War II.

• In April 1939, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin suggested to Britain that his nation and France follow the principle of collective security and back Britain's gurantee to Poland.
• On August 23rd, 1939, Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany
  

• On August 24th, President Roosevelt asked Germany and Poland to settle their differences peacefully.
• On September 1st, Germany attacked Poland with planes, tanks, ships, and almost 2 million troops.
• Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3rd.
  

• Three weeks after war broke out in Europe, Roosevelt called Congress into session and asked for passage of a 4th Neutrality Act.
  
• Approved in November, the act repealed the arms embargo
• GR,FR and their allies could now purchase American weapons and ammunition on a cash-and-carry basis
  

• The German army raced through Poland, destroying airfields, large cities, disrupting communications, and creating general confusion.
• Soviets attacked from the east and got half of Poland's territory, while Germany took almost 2 thirds of its population
  

• Many Polish soldiers and civilians were shipped to Germany as slave labor for German factories and farms.

• Nazis proceeded towards "final solution of the Jewish question"
  
• The plan was to exterminate all the Jews of Europe, beginning with the 2 million in Poland.
• Many were killed, and others were put into special areas called ghettos.
• Nazis set up death camps, Auschwitz, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka.
• By the end of World War II, around six million Jews were slaughtered in these death camps.
  

• Journalists Dorothy Thompson, Anne O'Hare McCormick, and William L. Shirer were tireless in covering the new for their papers and magazines

• French and German troops sat in lines not fighting.
• 'Sitzkrieg'
• Germany attacked Denmark and Norway, then Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
• Hitler cut the French Army into pieces and had taken Paris
• On June 22, 1940, France surrendered
  

• The Germans thought that Britain would realize how hopeless they were
• The completely misjudged the Brits
• The battle was fought through the summer and autumn of 1940.
• Hitler had 2600 bombers at his disposal.
  
• On August 15th, 1,000 bombers ranged over Britain
• Japan joins the three-power agreement with Germany, and Italy.
  
• The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis was now official. - Axis Powers
  

• In June 1940 Roosevelt responded to Churchill's appeal.
• Using a 1917 law, he sent Britain 500,000 rifles, 80,000 machine guns, 900 fieldguns and 130 million rounds of ammunition.
• On September 3rd, Britain received 50 destroyers for use against German submarines in the North Atlantic.
  

• The summer of 1940, FDR brought 2 distinguished Republicans into his cabinet. Henry L Stimson, who had been Hoover's Secretary of State, became Secretary of War. Frank Knox, the 1936 Republican candidate for VP was made Secretary of the Navy.

• Roosevelt ran against Republican Wendell Willkie
• Isolationists organized the America First Committee which urged to abandon Britain
• The majority voted Roosevelt for a third time, and his policy to give Britain "all aid short of war"
  

• Leader of the Nazi party

• Seized power in Italy in 1922.

• Set himself up as a dictator in Spain

• British Prime minister

• Chamberlains rival in Parliament, and also his successor

• Soviet Union's dictator

• He was the head of the puppet government in Vichy, France

• The leader of the free French