one symbol of the Jazz age youth was the 

flapper

liberated young women who rejected old ways in favor of new, exciting freedom

 many Americans supported

Prohibition

a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

although prohibition was meant to keep people from the negative effects of drinking, instead, it caused an explosion of organized crime and

 speakeasies

illegal bars

Describe the Jazz Age and some of the reactions to it.

Many radios played Jazz, where African American musicians combined Western harmonies with African rhythms. Europeans began to embrace American pop culture, with its greater freedom and willingness to experiment. A few women were elected to public office, some sought work in the sports and arts fields.

Harlem Renaissance

An African-American cultural movement centered in Harlem, a city where many African Americans lived.

How did postwar authors show disillusionment with prewar institutions?

T.S. Eliot wrote The Waste Land, a poem that portrays the modern world as spiritually empty and barren. Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises shows the rootless wanderings of young people who lack deep convictions. Some writers like Virginia Woolf and James Joye used stream of consciousness, aa techinque in which a writer appears to present a character's random thoughts and feelings without imposing any logical order.

Psychoanalysis

a method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders.

How did scientific discoveries in the 1920s change peoples' views of the world?

Marie Curie proved that atoms are not solid and indivisible. Albert Einstein created his theories of relativity, which people found confusing. Enrico Fermi, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and Edward Teller created the atomic bomb. Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin, which led to the development of antibiotics. Sigmund Freud created the idea of psychoanalysis.

Russian Vasily Kandisnsky and Swiss Paul Klee painted

abstract

artwork composed of only lines, colors, and shapes, sometimes with no recognizable subject matter at all

Dada movement

movement in which all artists rejected tradition and produced works that often shocked their viewers.

Surrealism

a movement that attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind.

What effect did WWI have on art movements in the 1920s?

People began rejecting tradidional styles of art, and explored other dimensions of color, lines, and shapes. Dadaists believed that there was no sense of truth in the world. Paintings and sculptures by Jean Arp and Max Ernst were made to shock and disturb viewers.

What political issues did each of the three democracies face after WWI?

As the liberal party faltered in Britain, many middle-class people began to join the Conservative party, which held the most power during the 20s. In France, several parties-from conservatives to communists-competed for power. In the U.S, fear of radicals and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

 France built the

Maginot Line

along its border with Germany

Massive fortifications

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An international agreement, signed by almost every nation in 1928, to stop using the war as a method of national policy.

 The great powers pursued

disarmament

the reduction of armed forces and weapons.

How did the Treaty of Versailles affect the relationship between France and Britain?

France insisted on strict enforcement of it and pay complete reparations, to keep the German economy weak. But Britain disgreed, not wanting Germany to get too weak, and France and the Soviet Union to get more powerful.

In 1926, a 

General strike

lasted 9 days and involved some 3 million workers.

a strike by workers in many different industries at the same time

How did the war and its peace treaties affect the international economy?

The war hurt some economies, and helped others. Both Britain and France owed huge reparations to the U.S. The huge reparations hurt Germany's economy. Later, Europe made a recovery by returning to peacetime manufacturing and trade and people eventually found jobs. The U.S. came out of the war as the leading economic power.

better technology allowed factories to make more products faster, leading to 

Overproduction

a condition in which the production of good exceeds the demand for them.

a crisis in

Finance 

was brewing

the management of money matters, including the circulation of money, loans, investments, and banking

 To slow the run on the stock market, the

The Federal Reserve

raised interest rates in 1928 and again in 1929

the central banking system of the U.S., which regulates banks.

The Great Depression

A painful time of global economic collapse that began quietly in the summer of 1929 with decreasing production

How did the Federal Reserve's policies affect the Great Depression?

In the autumn of 1929, jitters about the economy caused many people to sell their stocks at once. Financial panis set in. Stock prices crashed, wiping out the fortunes of many investors. Businesses closed and banks failed, throwing millions out of work. More factories had to close, leading to unemplyment.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

a new president who argued that the government had to take an active role in combating the Great Depression.

F.D.R. introduced the

New Deal

a massive package of economic and social programs

How did the government of the United States react to the Depression?

President Hoover tried a variety of limited measures to solve the crisis, but none worked. F.D.R. created the New Deal, where new laws regulated the stock market and protected bank deposits. Government programs created jobs and gave aid to farmers. A new Social Security system provided pensions for the elderly.

Benito Mussilini

The Black Shirts

Party militants who rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action.

The March on Rome

a planned march of thousands of Fascist supporters to take control of Rome; in response to Mussilini was given the legal right to control Italy.

How did postwar disillusionment contribute to Mussolini's rise?

When promised land was not given to the Italians by the Allies, it was bad. Peasants seized land, veterans faced unemployment, trade declined, and taxes rose.

How did the Fascist Party transform Italy's government and economy?

Mussolini suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections, and replaced elected officials with Fascist supporters. Italy became a dictatorship help up by terror.

Mussolini built the first 

Totalitarian State

A government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizen's lives.

Fascism

any centralized, authoritarian governement system that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destrutive to basic human rights.

Describe the similarities between fascism and communism.

Both drew their power by inspiring a blind devotion to the state, or a charismatic leader as the embodiment of the state. Both used terror to guard their power. Both flourished during the economic hard times by promoting extreme programs of social change.

The Soviet Union developed a

Command Economy

where government officials made all basic economic decisions

Stalin wanted all peasants to farm on either state-owned farms or

collectives

large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group.

Stalin believed that

kulaks

were behind the peasants' resistance to give up their land.

 wealthy farmers

How did Stalin take control of the Soviet Union's economic life?

He created "5 year plans" aimed at building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm output. He brought all economic activity under government control. The government owned all businesses and distributed all resources.

people that grumbled or critiqued Stalin's ways were sent to the

Gulag

a system of brutal labor camps, where many died

In what ways did Stalin's terror tactics harm the Soviet Union?

The purge increased Stalin's power, but his government paid a high price. Among the purged were experts in industry, economics, and engineering, and many of the Soviet Union's most talented writers and thinkers. The victims included most of the nation's military leaders and about 1/2 its military officers, a loss that was weighed on Stalin in 1941 when Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

 Stalin required artists and writers to create their works in a style called

socialist realism

A style that's goal was to show Soviet life in a positive light and promote hope in the communist future

 Stalin controlled the cultural life of the Soviet Union by promoting

russification

making a nationality's culture more Russian

 In accordance with the ideas of Marx

atheism

became an official state policy

the belief that there is no God

How did Stalin use censorship and propoganda to support his rule?

The government controlled what books were published, what music was heard, and what works of art were displayed. He punished those who criticized him in their creative works.

 In 1919, Lenin formed the

Comintern

Communist International, international association of communist parties led by the Soviet Union for the purpose of encouraging world-wide communist revolution.

How did the Soviet Union's foreign policy goals contradict each other?

As communists, both Lenin and Stalin wanted to bring about the worldwide revolution that Marx had predicted. But as Soviets, they wanted to guarantee their nation's security by winning the support of other countries.

 The constitution set up a parliamentary system led by a

chancellor

prime minister

In 1923, when Germany fell behind in reparations payments, France occupied

 Ruhr Valley

coal-rich industrial region of Germany

What political and economic problems did the Weimar republic face?

Communists demanded radical changes like those Lenin had brought to Russia. Conservatives attacked the government as too liberal and weak. They longed for another strong leader like Bismarck. Many blamed German Jews for the economic and politcal problems.

Describe the Nazi party's idealogy and Hitler's plans for ruling Germany.

Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, where he described the Nazi goals and idealogy. In the book he said that Germans belonged to a superior "master race" of Aryans, or light-skinned Europeans, whose greatest enemies were the Jews, a different race in his eyes. Hitler urged Germans to unite under one great nation, and gain Lebensraum or living space for its people, and Germany needed a Fuhrer or strong leader.

Hitler boasted that under the 

Third Reich

the German master race would dominate Europe for over a thousand years

the official name for the Nazi party

Gestapo

rooted out opposition

Hitler's secret police

In 1935, the Nazis passed the 

 Nuremberg Laws

Laws that deprived Jews of German citizenship and placed severe restrictions on them.

How did the Nazi party maintain its control of Germany?

They controlled all areas of German life-from government to religion to education. The masses, relieved by belief in the Nazi's promises, cheered Hitler's accomplishments in ending unemployment and reviving German power.