GERMAN

IMMIGRANTS

• Approx. 85,000
• Traveled in groups of families
• Landed in Philidelphia
• By the late 1700's accounted for 1/3 of PA population

HUGUENOTS

• Late 17th century Protestants
• Migrated to NYC or Charlestown
• Established rural communities of New Paltz & New Rochelle in Hudson Valley

SEPHARDIC

JEWS

• Decended from persecuted Spanish and Portugese Jews
• First to flee to the Netherlands
• Later Migrated to English territories

URBAN

POVERTY

• New immigrants
• Typically faced fewer oppurtunities
• Remained limited
• Poor class began to emerge

KING

GEORGE'S

WAR

• 1739
• British vessells vs Spanish ships
• Carribbean
• Boston economy boosted
• Southern: Up
• Northern: Down

JAMES

OGLETHORPE

• British General
• Founded GA for English debtors released from prison
• Philanthropist
• Prohibited slavery...at first
• Then rice-planting slave society

ESSAY CONCERNING

HUMAN UNDERSTANDING

• John Locke
• Disputed humans are born w/ innate ideas
• Knowledge is obtained completely by observation
• Spectulate witchcraft & astrology

BOSTON

SMALLPOX

EPIDEMIC

• Carribean vessel "seahorse"
• Docked in Boston
• Smallpox infested passangers
• Worlds greatest killer released on NAmerica, killed 3/4 Boston pop.

EXPIEREMENTS

&

OBSERVATION

ON

ELECTRICITY

• Benjamin Franklin
• 1771
• Established terminology and basic theory of electricity
• Still used today

TWO TREATISIES

OF GOVERNMENT

• John Locke
• Men created the governments and could therefore alter them

INDOOR AFFAIRS

OF

FARM HOUSEHOLDS

• Housekeeping
• prepared food
• cleaned house
• made clothing

18th CENTURY

COLONIAL ASSEMBLES

• Anglo-American colonies
• Elected officials had power of judges and govenors
• Initiated tax legislation
• Controlled militia

JOHN

PETER

ZENGER

• New York
• Newspaper editor
• Arrested/tried for "libel" negative statements on actions of the gov't
• Result: "freedom of press"

STONO

REBELLION

• Charlestown 9/8 (Vi. Mary bday)
• 20 Catholics from the Congo
• Killled store keepers and planters
• Joined by others in march to FL
• Attacked/defeated by 100 militia

REGULATOR

MOVEMENT

• NC in late 1700's
• SC in late 1700's
• Pitted back-country farmers against wealthy eastern planters

GEORGE

WHITEFIELD

• England
• Church of England Clergy
• Biggest religious figure of 1800's

NEW LIGHTS

OLD LIGHTS

• Old: traditional clerics & followers
• New: evangicals
• Engaged in disputes
• Became Methodists & Baptists

ALBANY

CONGRESS

• 1754
• Delegates of 7 colonies
• Two goals:
  • proposed alliance to Iroquois 
  • coordinate defense of colonies
    • both failed

WILLIAM

PITT

• France
• "The Great Commoner"
• Statesman
• Prime Minister
• Changed the succession of defeats into one of victories

CHIEF

PONTIAC

• War Chief of Ottowa village
• In todays Detroit
• Led movement based on Neolin's perspectives

PROCLAMATION

OF

1763

Designated headwaters of rivers flowing from the Appalachin's into the Atlantic as westward boundry of settlement

GEORGE

GRENVILLE

• Prime Minister of England
• Believed American colonies could be more tightly monitored
• Faced financial crisis
• Taxes = debt

REAL

WHIGS

• Group of British writers
• Believed a good government left you alone
• Stressed dangers of powerful govt

CURRENCY

ACT

• 1764
• Outlawed most colonial-issued paper money
• Americans were paying off debt with inflated currencies

RIGHTS OF THE

BRITISH COLONIES

• James Otis
• Protested the Sugar &Stamp Acts

PATRICK

HENRY

• Virginia
• Lawyer
• VA House of Burgesses
• "Virginia Act Resolves"
• Lacked legal skills
• Brilliant speaker
• Accused of treason
• "If this be treason, make the most of it"

LOYAL

NINE

• Boston social club of printers
• Orginized demo of the Stamp Act
• Feud between Northern & Southern neighborhoods called truce

SONS

OF

LIBERTY

• Intercolonial association
• Merchants, Lawyers, Tradesmen
• Linked Protestant leaders
• Influenced, not controlled events

TOWNSHEND

ACTS

• Charles Townshend
• British legislation
• Meant to raise revenue
• Tighter customs enforcement
• Asserted imperial authority

BOSTON

MASSACRE

• Ultimate snowball effect
• Repeated clashed between customs officers & the people of Mass.

45

&

92

• 45: assumed ritual significance for resistance
• 92: libel essay by John Wilkes

LORD

NORTH

• Prime Minister of England
• Convinced Parliament that duties on trade within the Empire were ill advised

COMMITTEE

OF

CORRESPONDENCE

• Established by voters at Boston town-hall meeting
• Coordinate written communication outside colonies

TEA

ACT

Tea could now only be sold legally by the East India Company

PAUL

REVERE

• Boston
• Silversmith
• Midnight Ride

FRANCE-AMERICAN

ALLIANCE

• Louis XVI of France & US establish alliance during Revolutionary War
• Treaty of Alliance following a victory at Saratoga

FIRST

CONTINENTAL

CONGRESS

Meeting in Philidelphia: Goals-

1&2. Defined American grievences   and developed a plan for resistance

3. Articulation constant relationship with Great Britian

DECLERATION

OF

RIGHTS & GRIEVENCES

Declared America would obey Parliament but only voluntarily & they would resist taxes in disguise

COMMITTEES

OF

OBSERVATION

RESISTANCE

MOVEMENT

LEXINGTON

&

CONCORD

• Expedition to retrieve military supplies at Concord
• Rivere's "midnight ride" was fuled
• Redcoats overreacted

LORD

DUNMORE'S

WAR

• 1774
• VA vs Shawnees and Mingo Indian Nations
• Caused by British colonists intruding on Indians hunting grounds
• Est. Ohio River as boundry

LORD NORTH

&

LORD GEORGE GERMAIN

Three Central Assumptions

1. Patriot forces were not enough against British regulars
2. British compare officials conflict
3. Assumed "W" would come w/colonies

COMMON

SENSE

• Thomas Paine
• First work to openly ask for Independence from Great Britian
• First copy given to                George Washington

THE

CRISIS

• Thomas Paine
• Collection of thousands of articles written during the revolution

LORD CUNMORE'S

PROCLAMATION

LOYALISTS

Slaves of up to 10,000 & 9,000 left with the British Following the war

BURGOYNE'S

NEW YORK

CAMPAIGN

Marched through NY, lost troops follow battles at Oriskay New York and Bennington

BENJAMIN

FRANKLIN

• Scientist
• Franco-American Alliance strong
• Printer
• Statesman
• Inventor

BATTLE

OF

SARATOGA

• Burgoyne's surrender
• Joy to Patriots
• Lord North gave into an unbalanced "watched:

TREATY

OF

PARIS

• 9.3.1783
• Granted unconditional independece to a nation named
  • The United States of America
• Boundries: Miss-Atlantic 49para.

BATTLE

OF

CAMDEN

• SC
• Cornwallis Commands British
• Crushed General Gates
• Followed taking Charlestown
• Major British victory

RELIGIOUS

CRISIS

&

GREAT

AWAKENING

• Old Lights & New Lights
• Methodists sent "frontier riders"
• Revivalism
• Great Awakening
• Orthodox Calvanist vs Enlightenment
• Search for spiritual certainty
• Jonathan Edwards

STAMP

ACT

• Why was it passed?
  • made parliament sole & supreme power in the Empire
  • required Americans to buy stamps for any printed doc.
• Raction from colonists
  • loyal nine
  • indignation
  • Patrick Henry
  • William Pitt

ECONOMIC

BOYCOTTS

• Boston's non-importation agreement
• Townshend Act
• Boston Massacre
• Tea Act
• Intolerable Acts

TREATY

OF

PARIS:

 PROVISIONS & NEGOTIATIONS

Adams, Franklin & others began negotiations in March 1782 w/ prime minister Charles Rockingham

• Provisions- est US boundries (Miss river to the Atlantic, Great Lakes, 49th parallel, gave US fishing rights to newfoundland banks
  • The United States of America

FALINGS OF

HOWE

BURGOYNE

&

CORNWALLIS

• Howe- took 6wks transporting troops from Phili to NYC (by sea) gave GW time to prepare defenses
• Burgoyne- Howe's subordinate, led a forcefrom Montreal to Albany, lost 800 in battle & surrendered entire force @ Saratoga
• Cornwallis- monitored the south, delayed retreat was costly, retreated to resupply joining up w/ Bendict Arnold, awaiting supplies, GW & 7,000 (US&French) and French fleet trapped/defeated Royal Navy