Term
| What are the two stages of respiratory? |
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Definition
External Respiration
Internal Respiration |
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Term
| What is External Respiration? |
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Definition
| Gaseous exchange between the air and the blood, occurs in the lungs |
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Term
| What is Internal Respiration? |
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Definition
| Gaseous exchange between the blood and the tissues, occurs in the tissues |
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Term
| What is the formula for respiration? |
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Definition
| Respiration = Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water Vapour |
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Term
| What does the Respiratory System consist of? |
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Definition
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli |
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Term
| What are the nares divided by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure is found within the nares? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the turbinate bones? |
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Definition
| To warm and moisten the air before it enters the chest cavity |
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Term
| Why are the turbinate bones covered with a cilia lined membrane? |
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Definition
| To prevent dust and disease pathogens from entering the lungs |
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Term
| What are housed within the turbinate bones to help the animal detect smells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
| Small air filled sacs in the surrounding facial bones |
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Term
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Definition
Maxillary Sinus
Frontal Sinus |
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Term
| What is the main function of the sinuses? |
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Definition
| To lighten the weight of the skull |
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Term
| What structure is shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the soft palate seal off the nasal cavity from the pharynx? |
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Definition
| To prevent food entering the nasal cavity when the animal is eating |
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Term
| What are the three regions of the pharynx? |
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Definition
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx |
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Term
| What region of the pharynx contains the tonsils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure is suspended by the hyoid apparatus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the larynx suspended from the skull? |
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Definition
| Allows the structure to swing backwards and forwards when swallowing takes place |
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Term
| What is contained within the Lumen of the larynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the vocal cords produce sound? |
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Definition
| When the air rushes past the vocal cords they vibrate producing sound |
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Term
| What are the functions of the larynx? |
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Definition
To regulate the flow of gases into the respiratory tract
To prevent entry of anything other than gases into the respiratory tract
To produce sound |
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Term
| Why does the Trachea have C-shaped cartilage rings along its length? |
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Definition
| To support the airway and allow expansion |
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Term
| What is the Trachea lined with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of cilia in the trachea? |
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Definition
| To sweep dust and mucus towards the throat where it is swallowed |
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Term
| What is the point where the Trachea divides into the right bronchus and the left bronchus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each alveolar duct ends in a --------- consisting of a large number of air filled sacks called --------? |
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Definition
| Each alveolar duct ends in an alveolar sac consisting of a large number of air filled sacks known as alveoli. |
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Term
| What type of epithelium lines the alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are each alveolus surrounded by a network of blood vessels? |
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Definition
| To bring air in the alveoli into close contact with the blood thereby allowing gaseous exchange to take place |
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Term
| Describe how gaseous exchange occurs... |
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Definition
| Oxygen in the air diffuses across the pulmonary membrane into the blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli, this oxygenated blood then travels around the body into the tissues, as this is happening carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs and is exspired |
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Term
| What lies in between the lungs? |
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Definition
| The heart in the mediastinum |
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Term
| How many lobes does the left lung have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many lobes does the right lung have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the left lung only have three lobes? |
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Definition
| To make room for the heart |
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Term
| What lines the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What membrane covers the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the pulmonary pleura form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lies within the pleural cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fluid is found in the pleural cavity and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
| Pleural fluid, which lubricates the membranes to prevent friction between the membranes |
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Term
| What shape is the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the diaphragm separate? |
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Definition
| The thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
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Term
| What happens when the diaphragm contracts? |
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Definition
| The dome flattens and the chest cavity expands |
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Term
| Which muscles lie between the ribs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when the intercostal muscles contract? |
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Definition
| The ribcage moves up and down and causes it to expand |
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Term
| What happens when the ribcage expands? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the mechanism of inspiration |
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Definition
| The diaphragm contracts and flattens and the external intercostal muscles contract pulling the rib cage up and out increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreasing the pressure, to accommodate the reduced pressure air is drawn in |
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Term
| Explain the mechanism of expiration |
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Definition
| The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, which decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and increasing the pressure, driving air out of the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| The air that passes in and out of the lungs with each normal respiration |
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Term
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Definition
The volume of Tidal Air
Cats/Small Dogs - 15ml/kg
Med/Large Dogs - 10ml/kg |
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Term
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Definition
| The air left in the lungs after forced respiration |
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Term
| Define: Total Lung Capacity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible |
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Term
| Define: Functional Residual Capacity |
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Definition
| The air in the lungs after normal expiration, useful leftover air which allows oxygen exchange during expiration |
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Term
| Define: Anatomical Dead Space |
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Definition
| The volume of air that fills the space on each inspiration without reaching the alveoli |
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Term
| Define: Functional Dead Space |
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Definition
| Anatomical dead space plus non functioning alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain are the respiratory centres in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two centres control expiration? |
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Definition
Pneumotaxic centre
Apneustic Centre |
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Term
| Which centre controls inspiration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors in the bronchioles detect the degree of distension, which send impulses to brain which inhibit inspiration when stretched and stimulate inspiration when deflated. |
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Term
| What is Hering-Breuer Reflex? |
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Definition
| The inhibition of inspiration to prevent the over inflation of the lungs |
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Term
| What is chemical control? |
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Definition
| Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata and peripheral chemoreceptors in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries monitor pH levels, when this drop the depth and rate of respiration is increased |
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Term
| Define: Respiratory Dead Space |
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Definition
| This is the air inhaled by the body during breathing but does not partake in gas exchange |
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Term
| What structures are involved in respiratory dead space? |
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Definition
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Trachea
Mouth/Nose
Larynx
Pharynx |
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