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the reproductive system
reproductive system practice for test
251
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/23/2012

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Term
sex organs are know as?
Definition
gonads
Term
testes and ovaries are example of what?
Definition
gonads
Term
sex cells are known as?
Definition
gametes
Term
steroid sex hormones for males are?
Definition
androgens
Term
steroid sex hormones for females are?
Definition
estrogens and progesterone
Term
accessory reproductive organs are these three?
Definition
1)ducts
2)glands
3)external genitalia
Term
what plays a role in development and function of the reproductive organs?
Definition
sex hormones
Term
what plays a role in sexual behavior and drives?
Definition
sex hormones
Term
what plays a role in growth and development of many other organs and tissues?
Definition
sex hormones
Term
what produce sperm?
Definition
testes
Term
________ are delivered to the exterior through epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra?
Definition
sperm
Term
what is a sac of skin and superficial fascia, hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity and contains paired testes?
Definition
scrotum
Term
what is the temperature necessary for sperm production?
Definition
3 degree Celsius
Term
what keeps the temperature of the scrotum constant?
Definition
dartos muscle and cremaster mascles
Term
which muscle of the scrotum is a smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin?
Definition
dartos muscle
Term
which muscle of the scrotum is bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes?
Definition
cremaster muscles
Term
the two tunics that surrounds the testes are?
Definition
1)tunica vaginalis, derived from perioteum
2)tunica albuginea, the fibrous capsule
Term
what is the site of sperm production?
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
what divides the testis into 250-300 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules?
Definition
septa
Term
_______ are conveyed through seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis?
Definition
sperm
Term
blood supply in the testes come from?
Definition
testicular arteries and testicular veins
Term
spermatic cord encloses these things that supply the testes?
Definition
nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics
Term
interstitial (Leydid) cells outside the seminiferous tubules produce what?
Definition
androgens
Term
what is the male copulatory organ?
Definition
penis
Term
In the penis what surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb?
Definition
corpus spongiosum
Term
In the penis what are paired dorsal erectile bodies?
Definition
corpora cavernosa
Term
the male duct system include these 4?
Definition
1)epididymis
2)ductus deferens
3)ejaculatory duct
4)urethra
Term
what contains the efferent ductules?
Definition
the head of epididymis
Term
what does duct of the epididymis microville (stereocilia) do?
Definition
absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm
Term
during ejaculation the ________contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus deferens
Definition
epididymis
Term
what passes through the inguinal canal, expands to form the ampulla and then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct?
Definition
ductus deferens
Term
what propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
Definition
ductus deferens
Term
cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control is?
Definition
vasectomy
Term
what conveys both urine and semen (at different times)?
Definition
urethra
Term
urethra has three regions called?
Definition
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy (penile) urethra
Term
seminal vesicle produce what type of fluid?
Definition
viscous alkaline fluid
Term
what is 70% of the volume of semen?
Definition
viscous alkaline seminal fluid
Term
true or false
seminal fluid contain fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulation enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins
Definition
true
Term
duct of seminal vesicles joins the ductus deferens to form what?
Definition
ejaculatory duct
Term
what encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder?
Definition
prostate
Term
what secretes milky, slightly acid fluid?
Definition
prostate
Term
prostate fluid contain what?
Definition
citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific avtige (PSA)
Term
what plays a role in activation of sperm and enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation?
Definition
prostate
Term
what is a pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate and prior to ejaculation, produce thick,clear mucus?
Definition
bulbourethral gland
Term
what lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra?
Definition
bulbourethral gland
Term
semen a mixture of what?
Definition
sperm and accessory gland secretions
Term
what contains nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, and facilitates their movement (e.g., relaxing)?
Definition
semen
Term
alkalinity does what in the male urethra and female vagina?
Definition
neutralizes the acid in the male urethra and female vagina
Term
true or false
clotting factors coagulate semen just after ejaculation, the firinolysin liquefies it?
Definition
true
Term
only 2-5 ml of semen are ejaculated, containing _______ millions sperm/ml
Definition
20-150
Term
erection is?
Definition
enlargement and stiffening of the peins from engorgement of erectile tissue with blood
Term
erectiion is initiated by sexual stimuli including?
Definition
-touch and mechanical stimulation of the penis
-erotic sights, sounds, and smells
Term
true or false
erection cannot be induced or inhibited by emotions or higher mental activity?
Definition
false
Term
during erection _______ ______ promotes release of nitric oxide (NO)
Definition
parasympathetic reflex
Term
during erection what cause erectile tissue to fill with blood?
Definition
nitric oxide
Term
true or false
corpora cavernosa keeps the urethra open?
Definition
false it's the corpus spongiosum
Term
true or false
corpora cavernosa compresses drainage veins and maintains engorgement during erection?
Definition
true
Term
impotence is what?
Definition
the inability to attain erection
Term
ejaculation is what?
Definition
propulsion of semen from the male dut system
Term
is ejaculation a parasympathetic reflex or a sympathetic reflex?
Definition
sympathetic reflex
Term
what reflex coused ducts and acessory glands to contract and empty their contents during ejaculation?
Definition
sympathetic spinal reflex
Term
during ejaculation what does the sphincter muscle do?
Definition
they constrict, preventing the expulsion of urine
Term
what muscle undergo a rapid series of contractions during ejaculation?
Definition
bulbospongiosus
Term
spematogenesis is what?
Definition
sequence of events that produces sperm in the siminiferous tubules of the testes
Term
most body cell are ___________ and contain
-two sets of chromosomes (one maternal, one paternal)
-23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Definition
diploid (2n)
Term
gametes are haploid (n) and contain _____ chromosomes
Definition
23
Term
gamete formation involves meiosis or mitosis?
Definition
meiosis
Term
gamete fomation involves nuclear division in the gonads in which?
Definition
the number of chromosomes is halved (from 2n to n)
Term
in gamete formation, two consecutive cell division ( meiosis I and II) following what?
Definition
one round of DNA replication
Term
true or false
gamete formation involving meiosis produces four daughter cell and introduces genetic variation?
Definition
true
Term
what gives rise to sperm?
Definition
spematic cells
Term
in mitosis, sparmatogonia does what
Definition
form spematocytes
Term
in meiosis, spermatocytes form what?
Definition
spermatid
Term
in spermiogenesis, spermatid become what?
Definition
sperm
Term
what is the order of spermatogenesis?
Definition
1. mitosis (spermatogonia to spermatocytes)
2. meiosis (spermatocytes to spermatids)
3. spermiogenesis (spermatid to sperm)
Term
spermatogonia begins when?
Definition
at puberty
Term
In spermatogonia
-stem cells are in contact with __________?

each mitotic division produces type A daughter cell and a type b daughter cell
Definition
epithelial basal lamina
Term
true or false
type A cells maintains the germ cell line at the basal lamina
Definition
true
Term
true or false
type A cells move toward the lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes
Definition
false
Term
Meiosis I or Meiosis II
primary spematocyte (2n) -> two secondary spematocytes (n)
Definition
Meiosis I
Term
Meiosis I or Meiosis II
each secondary spermatocyte (n) -> two spermatids (n)
Definition
Meiosis II
Term
spermatid is what?
Definition
small nonmotile cells close to the lumen of the tubule
Term
spermiogenesis: ________ to ______
Definition
spermatids to sperm
Term
in spermiogenesis, spermatid lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail, becoming ________?
Definition
spermatozoa (sperm)
Term
sperm has three major region, what are they?
Definition
the head, midpiece, and tail
Term
which region of the sperm is this?
genetic region; nucleus and helmetlike acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate an egg
Definition
head
Term
which sperm region is this?
metabolic region; mitochondria
Definition
midpiece
Term
which sperm region is this?
locomotor region; flagellum
Definition
tail
Term
waht cells extend through the wall of the tubule and surrounds developing cells, provinding nutrients and signals to dividing cells?
Definition
sustentacular cells
Term
sustentacular cells have large supporting cells called what?
Definition
sertoli cells
Term
what cell dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during spermiogenesis and secrete testicular fluid into lumen for transport of sperm?
Definition
sustentacular cells
Term
in sustentacular cells, tight junctions divide the wall into these two compartments?
Definition
basal compartments and adluminal compartment
Term
which sustentacular cell compartment has spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
Definition
basal compartment
Term
which sustentacular cell compartment has meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen?
Definition
adluminal compartment
Term
what prevent sperm antigens from escaping into the blood where they would activate the immune system?
Definition
blood-testis barrier
Term
true or false
tight junctions form a blood-testis barrier
Definition
true
Term
true or false
because sperm are not formed until puberty, they are absent during immune system development, and would not be recognized as "self"
Definition
true
Term
what releases gonadrotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete _______ and _______.
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
what causes sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP), which makes spermatogenic cell receptive to testosterone?
Definition
FSH
Term
what stimulate intertitial cells to release testosterone?
Definition
LH
Term
what is the final trigger for spermatogenesis?
Definition
testosterone
Term
feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary results from what 2 thing?
Definition
1) rising levels of testosterone
2) inhibin (released when sperm count is high)
Term
testosterone is synthesized from?
Definition
cholesterol
Term
testosterone exerts it effects on __________ in the prostate and __________ in some neurons in the brain.
Definition
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
estrogen
Term
testosterone targets all accessory organs and it's deficiency lead to what/
Definition
atrophy
Term
true or false
testosterone has multiple anabolic effects throughout the body?
Definition
true
Term
what is the basis of the sex drive (libido) in males?
Definition
testosterone
Term
males secondary sex characteristics features are induce d in the nonreproductive organs by male sex hormone (mainly _______)
Definition
testosterone
Term
these are the 5 features of the male secondary sex characteristics
Definition
1) appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
2) enhanced growth of the chest and deepening of the voice
3) skin thickens and becomes oily
4) bones grow and increase in density
5)skeletal muscles increase in size and mass
Term
what are female gonads?
Definition
ovaries
Term
what are female gametes called?
Definition
ova
Term
what produce female gametes and secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
Definition
ovaries
Term
what are the female accessory ducts?
Definition
uterine tube, uterus, and vagina
Term
what are the female internal genitalia?
Definition
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Term
the external genitalia are?
Definition
the external sex organs
Term
ovaries are held in place by what 3 ligaments?
Definition
ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, and mesovarium ligament
Term
what ligament anchors ovary medially to the uterus?
Definition
ovarian ligament
Term
what ligament anchors ovary laterally to the pelvic wall?
Definition
suspensory ligament
Term
what ligament suspends the ovary?
Definition
mesovarium ligament
Term
what ligament supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; also contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovarium
Definition
broad ligament
Term
what supply blood in the ovaries?
Definition
ovarian arteries and the ovarian branch of the uterine artery
Term
ovaries are surrounded by a fibrous tunica albuginea and has what two regions/
Definition
cortex and medulla
Term
ovarian follicles are known as what region of the ovaries?
Definition
cortex
Term
large blood vessels and nerves are known as what region of the ovaries
Definition
medulla
Term
follicle has immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by what two cells?
Definition
follicle cells (1 cell)
granulosa cells (2 or more cells)
Term
what are the 4 steges of follicle development?
Definition
1)primordial follicle
2)primary follicle
3)secondary follicle
4)late secondary follicle
Term
what follicle stage of development that has squamouslike follicle cells + oocyte?
Definition
primordial follicle
Term
what follicle stage of development has cuboidal or columnar follicle cells + oocyte?
Definition
primary follicle
Term
what follicle stage of development has two or more layers of granulosa cells + oocyte
Definition
secondary follicle
Term
what follicle stage of development contains fluid-filled space between granulosa cells; coalesces to form a central antrum?
Definition
late secondary follicle
Term
in vesicular (Graafian) follicle fluid-filled _______ forms; follicle bulges from ovary surface
Definition
antrum
Term
what is the ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle?
Definition
ovulation
Term
Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ________.
Definition
ovulation
Term
what are two other name for fallopian tube/
Definition
uterine tubes and oviducts
Term
what has distal expansion with infundibulum near ovary and usual site of fertilization?
Definition
ampulla
Term
ciliated fimbriae of infundibulum create currents to move _______ into uterine tube
Definition
oocyte
Term
oocye is carried along by _______and _________
Definition
peristalsis and ciliary action
Term
what cells nourish the oocyte and the sperm?
Definition
nonciliated cells
Term
mesentery that supports the uterine tubes is what?
Definition
mesosalpinx
Term
in the uterus the body is the?
Definition
major portion
Term
in the uterus the rounded superior region is the?
Definition
fundus
Term
the narrowed inferior region in the uterus is the?
Definition
isthmus
Term
what has narrow neck, or outlet; projects into the vagina?
Definition
cervix
Term
cervica canal communicates with the
- vagina via
-uterine body via
Definition
-the external os
-the internal os
Term
what glands secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcylec(ovulation)?
Definition
cervical glands
Term
in the uterus what is the lateral support portion of the broad ligament?
Definition
mesometrium
Term
in the uterus what is the ligament from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to the walls of the pelvis?
Definition
lateral cervical(cardinal) ligaments
Term
what ligament secure uterus to the sacrum?
Definition
uterosacral ligament
Term
_______ ligaments bind to the anterior wall of the uterus
Definition
round ligaments
Term
what are the 3 layer of the uterine wall?
Definition
perimetrium layer, myometrium layer, and endometrium layer
Term
which uterine wall layer has serous layer (visceral peritoneum)?
Definition
perimetrium layer
Term
which uterine wall layer has interlacing layers of smooth muscle?
Definition
myometrium layer
Term
which uterine wall layer has mucosal lining?
Definition
endometrium layer
Term
in the endometrium what changes in response to ovarian hormone cyles and is shed during menstruation?
Definition
stratum functionalis (functional layer)
Term
what are the two layers of the endometrium?
Definition
functional layer (stratum functionalis)
and basal layer (stratum basalis)
Term
in the endometrium what forms new functionalis after menstruation and unresponsive to ovarian hormones?
Definition
stratum basalis (basal layer)
Term
uterine arteries arise from _______
Definition
internal iliacs
Term
arcuate arteries is in the _______
Definition
myometrium
Term
radial brancehs in the endometrium branch into
spiral arteries -> ________ _______
straight arteries -> ___________ __________
Definition
-sratum functionalis
-stratum basalis
Term
spasms of _______ arteries leads to shedding of stratum functionalis
Definition
spiral arteries
Term
what is the birth canal and organ copulation, extends between the bladder and the rectum form the cervix to the exterior and urtethra is embedded in the anterior wall/
Definition
vagina
Term
what are the 3 layer of the vagina?
Definition
1) fibroelastic adventitia
2) smooth muscle muscularis
3) stratified squamous mucosa with rugae
Term
in the vagina, mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms and incomplete patition called the _______
Definition
hymen
Term
upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix is called?
Definition
vaginal fornix
Term
external genitalia is also know as?
Definition
vulva or pudendum
Term
fatty area ovelying pubic symphysis is what?
Definition
mons pubis
Term
what is the hair-covered, fatty skin folds?
Definition
labia majora
Term
what is the skin folds lying within labia majora?
Definition
labia minora
Term
what is the recess between labia minora called?
Definition
vestibule
Term
what gland is homologous to the bulbourethral glands, and releases mucus into the vestibule for lubrication?
Definition
greater vestibular glands
Term
______ is a erectile tissue hooded by a prepuce and has glans clitoris (exposed portion).
Definition
clitoris
Term
what is a diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch and coccyx and is bordered by the ischial tuberosities laterally?
Definition
perineum
Term
mammary glands are modified sweat glands consisting of _______ lobes
Definition
15-25
Term
what is the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple?
Definition
areola
Term
what ligament attaches the breast to underlying muslcle?
Definition
suspensory ligaments
Term
lobules within lobes contain ________ ________ that produce milk
Definition
glandular alveoli
Term
what is the journey of milk in the body?
Definition
milk -> lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinuses -> open to the outside at the nipple
Term
what is know as the production of female gametes and begins in the fetal period?
Definition
oogenesis
Term
oogonia (2n ovarian stem cells) multiplu by _______ and store nutients in oogenesis
Definition
mitosis
Term
in oogenesis primary oocytes develop in _________ follicles and begin meiosis but stall in prophase I
Definition
primordial
Term
each month after puberty, a few _______ __________ are activated and one is selected each month to resume meiosis I
Definition
primary oocytes
Term
oogenesis results in two haploid cells know as?
Definition
secondary oocyte and first polar body
Term
in oogenesis, the secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and is ________
Definition
ovulated
Term
in oogenesis if the sceond oocyte is penetrate by sperm it completes meiosis II yielding _________ and _________
Definition
-ovum (the functional gamete)
-second polar body
Term
monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg is know as?
Definition
ovarian cycle
Term
what are the 2 phases in ovarian cycle?
Definition
follicular phase and luteal phase
Term
ovarian cycle is a total of how many days?
Definition
28 days
Term
period of follicle growth (days 1-14) is know as what phase in the ovarian cycle?
Definition
follicular phase
Term
period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28) is know as what phase in the ovarian cycle?
Definition
luteal phase
Term
ovulation occurs when in the ovarian cycle?
Definition
midcycle
Term
in the follicular phase primordial follicle becomes what?
Definition
primary follicle
Term
when the primordial follicle is activated squamouslike cells become what?
Definition
cuboidal
Term
_______enlarges to become a primary (1) follicle
Definition
follicle
Term
stratified epithelium (granulosa cells) form around oocyte and granulosa cells and oocyte guide one another's development when?
Definition
primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle
Term
connective tissue (theca folliculi) and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens, zona pellucida forms around the oocyte, and fluid begins to accumulate when?
Definition
secondary follicle becomes a late secondary follicle
Term
antrum forms and expands to isolat the oocyte with its corna radiata on a stalk, vesicular follicle bulges from the external surface of the ovary, and the primary oocyte completes meiosis I when?
Definition
late secondary follicle becames a vesicular follicle
Term
when ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte with its corona radiata it is know as?
Definition
ovulation
Term
twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation is called?
Definition
mittelschmerz
Term
1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized, results in _________
Definition
fraternal twins
Term
during what phase does ruptured follicle collapses and granulosa cells and interna thecal cells form corpus luteum?
Definition
luteal phase
Term
corpus luteum secretes _______ and ________ during luteal phase
Definition
progesterone and estrogen
Term
if there is no pregnancy, the corpus lutem degenerates into a _______ _______ in 10 days
Definition
corpus albicans
Term
if there is pregnancy occurs, _________ __________ produces hormones until the placenta takes over at about 3 months
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
during childhood, _________ grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH
Definition
ovaries
Term
as puberty nears, GnRH is released; ______ and ______ are released bu the pituitary, and act on the ovaries
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
ovaries secrete small amounts of estrogens and estrogen inhibits release of GnRH when in the ovarian cycle?
Definition
during childhood until puberty
Term
leptin from adipose tissue decreases the estrogen inhibition and GnRH, FSH, and LH are released when in the ovarian cycle?
Definition
at puberty
Term
in about four years, and adult cyclic pattern is achieved and _________ occurs
Definition
menarche
Term
GnRH causes release of _____ and ______
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
what causes growth of several follicles, and estrogen release
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
what inhibit the release of FSH and LH, stimulate synthesis and storage of FSH and LH, and enhance further estrogen output?
Definition
high estrogen levels
Term
high estrogen levels have a _______ feedback effect on the pituitary at midcycle
Definition
positive
Term
LH surge occurs at what day in the 28-Day Ovarian Cycle
Definition
day 14
Term
what causes
-completion of meiosis I (secondary oocyte continues on to metaphase II)
-triggers ovulation
-transforms ruptuted follicle into corpus luteum
Definition
effects of LH surge
Term
what produces inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen?
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
what 3 hormones inhibit FSH and LH release?
Definition
inhibin, estrogen, and progestrogen
Term
Declining LH and FSH ends ________ activity and inhibits follicle development
Definition
luteal
Term
what days does corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian hormones level drop sharply?
Definition
day 26-28
Term
at days 26-28 the blockade of ______ and _____ ends and the cycle starts anew
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to ovarian hormones is know as what?
Definition
uterine (menstrual) cycle
Term
another name for uterine cycle is?
Definition
menstrual cycle
Term
what are the 3 phases of menstrual cycle?
Definition
1)day 1-5: menstrual phase
2)days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase
3)days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) phase (constant 14-day length)
Term
which phase of the uterine cycle are ovarian hormones at their lowest levels, gonadotropins are beginning to rise, and stratum functionalis is shed and the menstrual flow occurs?
Definition
menstrual phase
Term
what phase of the uterine cycle does estrogen levels prompt generation of new functional layer and increased synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium, also glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number?
Definition
proliferative phase
Term
what phase of the uterine cycle does progesterone level prompt
-further development of endometrium
-glandular secretion of glycogen
-formation of the cervical mucus plug?
Definition
secretory phase
Term
if fertilization does not occur, what six things occur?
Definition
1)corpus luteum degenerates
2)progesterone levels fall
3)spiral arteries kink and spasm
4)endometrial cells begin to die
5)spiral arteries constrict again, then relax and open wide
6)rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughs
Term
what
-promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary
-exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract
-support the rapid but short-lived growth spurt at puberty
-induce secondary sex characteristics
-has metabolic effects
Definition
effects of estrogens
Term
what are the 3 secondary sex characteristics that occurs because of estrogens?
Definition
1)growth of breasts
2)increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts)
3)widening and lightening of the pelvis
Term
what are the 2 metabolic effects that occurs because of estrogen?
Definition
1)maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL
2)facilitates calcium uptake
Term
___________ works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycle
Definition
progesterone
Term
what are the 2 effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy?
Definition
inhibits uterine motility and help prepare the breasts for lactation
Term
what engorges with blood during female sexual response?
Definition
clitoris, vaginal mucosa and breasts
Term
female sexual response is initiated by ___________ and __________
Definition
touch and psychological stimuli
Term
what gland lubricate the vestibule in female sexual response?
Definition
vestibular gland
Term
orgasm is accompanied by what?
Definition
muscle tension, increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmic contractions of the uterus
Term
females do not have _________ period after orgasm and can experience multiple orgasms in a single sexual experience
Definition
refractory
Term
true or false
orgasm is essential for conception
Definition
false
Term
only one of the ________ pairs of chromosomes in body cells are sex chromosomes: X and Y
Definition
23 pairs
Term
the ________ gene on the Y chromosome initiates testes development and maleness
Definition
SRY
Term
gonads begin to development in ______ week as gonadal ridges
Definition
fifth
Term
paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts form ________ to the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts
Definition
lateral
Term
paramesonephric (mullerian) duct is future male or female duct?
Definition
future female duct
Term
mesonephric (wolffian) duct is future male or female duct?
Definition
future male duct
Term
__________ germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridges to provide germ cells destined to become spermatogonia or oogonia
Definition
primordial
Term
________ begins development in seventh week in males, and eighth week in females
Definition
gonads
Term
Reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional and secondary sex characteristics appear in response to what ?
Definition
rising levels of gonadal hormones
Term
earliest time that reproduction is possible is during?
Definition
puberty
Term
declining estrogen levels cause these 5 things to occur?
Definition
1)atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
2)irritability and depression in some
3)hot flashes s skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation
4)gradual thinning of the skin and bone loss
5)increased total blood cholesterol levels and falling HDL
Term
menopause occurs when _________ have ceased for an entire year
Definition
menses
Term
true or false
there is no equivalent to menopause in males
Definition
true
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