Term
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Definition
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Term
testes and ovaries are example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
steroid sex hormones for males are? |
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Definition
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Term
steroid sex hormones for females are? |
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Definition
estrogens and progesterone |
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Term
accessory reproductive organs are these three? |
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Definition
1)ducts 2)glands 3)external genitalia |
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Term
what plays a role in development and function of the reproductive organs? |
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Definition
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Term
what plays a role in sexual behavior and drives? |
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Definition
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Term
what plays a role in growth and development of many other organs and tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
________ are delivered to the exterior through epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra? |
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Definition
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Term
what is a sac of skin and superficial fascia, hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity and contains paired testes? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the temperature necessary for sperm production? |
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Definition
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Term
what keeps the temperature of the scrotum constant? |
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Definition
dartos muscle and cremaster mascles |
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Term
which muscle of the scrotum is a smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin? |
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Definition
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Term
which muscle of the scrotum is bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes? |
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Definition
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Term
the two tunics that surrounds the testes are? |
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Definition
1)tunica vaginalis, derived from perioteum 2)tunica albuginea, the fibrous capsule |
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Term
what is the site of sperm production? |
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Definition
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Term
what divides the testis into 250-300 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
_______ are conveyed through seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis? |
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Definition
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Term
blood supply in the testes come from? |
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Definition
testicular arteries and testicular veins |
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Term
spermatic cord encloses these things that supply the testes? |
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Definition
nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics |
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Term
interstitial (Leydid) cells outside the seminiferous tubules produce what? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the male copulatory organ? |
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Definition
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Term
In the penis what surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb? |
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Definition
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Term
In the penis what are paired dorsal erectile bodies? |
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Definition
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Term
the male duct system include these 4? |
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Definition
1)epididymis 2)ductus deferens 3)ejaculatory duct 4)urethra |
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Term
what contains the efferent ductules? |
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Definition
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Term
what does duct of the epididymis microville (stereocilia) do? |
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Definition
absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm |
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Term
during ejaculation the ________contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus deferens |
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Definition
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Term
what passes through the inguinal canal, expands to form the ampulla and then joins the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct? |
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Definition
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Term
what propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra? |
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Definition
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Term
cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control is? |
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Definition
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Term
what conveys both urine and semen (at different times)? |
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Definition
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Term
urethra has three regions called? |
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Definition
prostatic urethra membranous urethra spongy (penile) urethra |
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Term
seminal vesicle produce what type of fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
what is 70% of the volume of semen? |
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Definition
viscous alkaline seminal fluid |
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Term
true or false seminal fluid contain fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulation enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins |
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Definition
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Term
duct of seminal vesicles joins the ductus deferens to form what? |
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Definition
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Term
what encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
what secretes milky, slightly acid fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
prostate fluid contain what? |
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Definition
citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific avtige (PSA) |
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Term
what plays a role in activation of sperm and enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation? |
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Definition
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Term
what is a pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate and prior to ejaculation, produce thick,clear mucus? |
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Definition
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Term
what lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sperm and accessory gland secretions |
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Term
what contains nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, and facilitates their movement (e.g., relaxing)? |
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Definition
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Term
alkalinity does what in the male urethra and female vagina? |
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Definition
neutralizes the acid in the male urethra and female vagina |
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Term
true or false clotting factors coagulate semen just after ejaculation, the firinolysin liquefies it? |
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Definition
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Term
only 2-5 ml of semen are ejaculated, containing _______ millions sperm/ml |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enlargement and stiffening of the peins from engorgement of erectile tissue with blood |
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Term
erectiion is initiated by sexual stimuli including? |
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Definition
-touch and mechanical stimulation of the penis -erotic sights, sounds, and smells |
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Term
true or false erection cannot be induced or inhibited by emotions or higher mental activity? |
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Definition
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Term
during erection _______ ______ promotes release of nitric oxide (NO) |
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Definition
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Term
during erection what cause erectile tissue to fill with blood? |
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Definition
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Term
true or false corpora cavernosa keeps the urethra open? |
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Definition
false it's the corpus spongiosum |
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Term
true or false corpora cavernosa compresses drainage veins and maintains engorgement during erection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the inability to attain erection |
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Term
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Definition
propulsion of semen from the male dut system |
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Term
is ejaculation a parasympathetic reflex or a sympathetic reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
what reflex coused ducts and acessory glands to contract and empty their contents during ejaculation? |
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Definition
sympathetic spinal reflex |
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Term
during ejaculation what does the sphincter muscle do? |
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Definition
they constrict, preventing the expulsion of urine |
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Term
what muscle undergo a rapid series of contractions during ejaculation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sequence of events that produces sperm in the siminiferous tubules of the testes |
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Term
most body cell are ___________ and contain -two sets of chromosomes (one maternal, one paternal) -23 pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
gametes are haploid (n) and contain _____ chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
gamete formation involves meiosis or mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
gamete fomation involves nuclear division in the gonads in which? |
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Definition
the number of chromosomes is halved (from 2n to n) |
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Term
in gamete formation, two consecutive cell division ( meiosis I and II) following what? |
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Definition
one round of DNA replication |
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Term
true or false gamete formation involving meiosis produces four daughter cell and introduces genetic variation? |
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Definition
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Term
what gives rise to sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
in mitosis, sparmatogonia does what |
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Definition
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Term
in meiosis, spermatocytes form what? |
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Definition
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Term
in spermiogenesis, spermatid become what? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the order of spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
1. mitosis (spermatogonia to spermatocytes) 2. meiosis (spermatocytes to spermatids) 3. spermiogenesis (spermatid to sperm) |
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Term
spermatogonia begins when? |
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Definition
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Term
In spermatogonia -stem cells are in contact with __________?
each mitotic division produces type A daughter cell and a type b daughter cell |
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Definition
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Term
true or false type A cells maintains the germ cell line at the basal lamina |
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Definition
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Term
true or false type A cells move toward the lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes |
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Definition
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Term
Meiosis I or Meiosis II primary spematocyte (2n) -> two secondary spematocytes (n) |
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Definition
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Term
Meiosis I or Meiosis II each secondary spermatocyte (n) -> two spermatids (n) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
small nonmotile cells close to the lumen of the tubule |
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Term
spermiogenesis: ________ to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
in spermiogenesis, spermatid lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail, becoming ________? |
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Definition
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Term
sperm has three major region, what are they? |
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Definition
the head, midpiece, and tail |
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Term
which region of the sperm is this? genetic region; nucleus and helmetlike acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable the sperm to penetrate an egg |
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Definition
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Term
which sperm region is this? metabolic region; mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
which sperm region is this? locomotor region; flagellum |
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Definition
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Term
waht cells extend through the wall of the tubule and surrounds developing cells, provinding nutrients and signals to dividing cells? |
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Definition
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Term
sustentacular cells have large supporting cells called what? |
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Definition
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Term
what cell dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during spermiogenesis and secrete testicular fluid into lumen for transport of sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
in sustentacular cells, tight junctions divide the wall into these two compartments? |
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Definition
basal compartments and adluminal compartment |
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Term
which sustentacular cell compartment has spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes |
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Definition
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Term
which sustentacular cell compartment has meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen? |
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Definition
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Term
what prevent sperm antigens from escaping into the blood where they would activate the immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
true or false tight junctions form a blood-testis barrier |
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Definition
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Term
true or false because sperm are not formed until puberty, they are absent during immune system development, and would not be recognized as "self" |
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Definition
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Term
what releases gonadrotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
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Term
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete _______ and _______. |
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Definition
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Term
what causes sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP), which makes spermatogenic cell receptive to testosterone? |
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Definition
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Term
what stimulate intertitial cells to release testosterone? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the final trigger for spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and pituitary results from what 2 thing? |
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Definition
1) rising levels of testosterone 2) inhibin (released when sperm count is high) |
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Term
testosterone is synthesized from? |
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Definition
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Term
testosterone exerts it effects on __________ in the prostate and __________ in some neurons in the brain. |
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Definition
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) estrogen |
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Term
testosterone targets all accessory organs and it's deficiency lead to what/ |
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Definition
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Term
true or false testosterone has multiple anabolic effects throughout the body? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the basis of the sex drive (libido) in males? |
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Definition
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Term
males secondary sex characteristics features are induce d in the nonreproductive organs by male sex hormone (mainly _______) |
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Definition
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Term
these are the 5 features of the male secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
1) appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair 2) enhanced growth of the chest and deepening of the voice 3) skin thickens and becomes oily 4) bones grow and increase in density 5)skeletal muscles increase in size and mass |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what are female gametes called? |
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Definition
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Term
what produce female gametes and secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) |
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Definition
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Term
what are the female accessory ducts? |
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Definition
uterine tube, uterus, and vagina |
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Term
what are the female internal genitalia? |
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Definition
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina |
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Term
the external genitalia are? |
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Definition
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Term
ovaries are held in place by what 3 ligaments? |
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Definition
ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, and mesovarium ligament |
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Term
what ligament anchors ovary medially to the uterus? |
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Definition
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Term
what ligament anchors ovary laterally to the pelvic wall? |
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Definition
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Term
what ligament suspends the ovary? |
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Definition
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Term
what ligament supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; also contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovarium |
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Definition
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Term
what supply blood in the ovaries? |
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Definition
ovarian arteries and the ovarian branch of the uterine artery |
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Term
ovaries are surrounded by a fibrous tunica albuginea and has what two regions/ |
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Definition
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Term
ovarian follicles are known as what region of the ovaries? |
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Definition
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Term
large blood vessels and nerves are known as what region of the ovaries |
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Definition
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Term
follicle has immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by what two cells? |
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Definition
follicle cells (1 cell) granulosa cells (2 or more cells) |
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Term
what are the 4 steges of follicle development? |
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Definition
1)primordial follicle 2)primary follicle 3)secondary follicle 4)late secondary follicle |
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Term
what follicle stage of development that has squamouslike follicle cells + oocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
what follicle stage of development has cuboidal or columnar follicle cells + oocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
what follicle stage of development has two or more layers of granulosa cells + oocyte |
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Definition
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Term
what follicle stage of development contains fluid-filled space between granulosa cells; coalesces to form a central antrum? |
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Definition
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Term
in vesicular (Graafian) follicle fluid-filled _______ forms; follicle bulges from ovary surface |
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Definition
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Term
what is the ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle? |
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Definition
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Term
Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle after ________. |
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Definition
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Term
what are two other name for fallopian tube/ |
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Definition
uterine tubes and oviducts |
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Term
what has distal expansion with infundibulum near ovary and usual site of fertilization? |
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Definition
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Term
ciliated fimbriae of infundibulum create currents to move _______ into uterine tube |
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Definition
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Term
oocye is carried along by _______and _________ |
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Definition
peristalsis and ciliary action |
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Term
what cells nourish the oocyte and the sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
mesentery that supports the uterine tubes is what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
in the uterus the body is the? |
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Definition
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Term
in the uterus the rounded superior region is the? |
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Definition
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Term
the narrowed inferior region in the uterus is the? |
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Definition
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Term
what has narrow neck, or outlet; projects into the vagina? |
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Definition
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Term
cervica canal communicates with the - vagina via -uterine body via |
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Definition
-the external os -the internal os |
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Term
what glands secrete mucus that blocks sperm entry except during midcylec(ovulation)? |
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Definition
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Term
in the uterus what is the lateral support portion of the broad ligament? |
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Definition
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|
Term
in the uterus what is the ligament from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to the walls of the pelvis? |
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Definition
lateral cervical(cardinal) ligaments |
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Term
what ligament secure uterus to the sacrum? |
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Definition
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Term
_______ ligaments bind to the anterior wall of the uterus |
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Definition
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Term
what are the 3 layer of the uterine wall? |
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Definition
perimetrium layer, myometrium layer, and endometrium layer |
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Term
which uterine wall layer has serous layer (visceral peritoneum)? |
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Definition
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Term
which uterine wall layer has interlacing layers of smooth muscle? |
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Definition
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|
Term
which uterine wall layer has mucosal lining? |
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Definition
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Term
in the endometrium what changes in response to ovarian hormone cyles and is shed during menstruation? |
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Definition
stratum functionalis (functional layer) |
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Term
what are the two layers of the endometrium? |
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Definition
functional layer (stratum functionalis) and basal layer (stratum basalis) |
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|
Term
in the endometrium what forms new functionalis after menstruation and unresponsive to ovarian hormones? |
|
Definition
stratum basalis (basal layer) |
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Term
uterine arteries arise from _______ |
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Definition
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Term
arcuate arteries is in the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
radial brancehs in the endometrium branch into spiral arteries -> ________ _______ straight arteries -> ___________ __________ |
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Definition
-sratum functionalis -stratum basalis |
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Term
spasms of _______ arteries leads to shedding of stratum functionalis |
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Definition
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Term
what is the birth canal and organ copulation, extends between the bladder and the rectum form the cervix to the exterior and urtethra is embedded in the anterior wall/ |
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Definition
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Term
what are the 3 layer of the vagina? |
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Definition
1) fibroelastic adventitia 2) smooth muscle muscularis 3) stratified squamous mucosa with rugae |
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Term
in the vagina, mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms and incomplete patition called the _______ |
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Definition
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Term
upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix is called? |
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Definition
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Term
external genitalia is also know as? |
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Definition
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Term
fatty area ovelying pubic symphysis is what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
what is the hair-covered, fatty skin folds? |
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Definition
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|
Term
what is the skin folds lying within labia majora? |
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Definition
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|
Term
what is the recess between labia minora called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
what gland is homologous to the bulbourethral glands, and releases mucus into the vestibule for lubrication? |
|
Definition
greater vestibular glands |
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|
Term
______ is a erectile tissue hooded by a prepuce and has glans clitoris (exposed portion). |
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Definition
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|
Term
what is a diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch and coccyx and is bordered by the ischial tuberosities laterally? |
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Definition
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Term
mammary glands are modified sweat glands consisting of _______ lobes |
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Definition
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|
Term
what is the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple? |
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Definition
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|
Term
what ligament attaches the breast to underlying muslcle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
lobules within lobes contain ________ ________ that produce milk |
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Definition
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|
Term
what is the journey of milk in the body? |
|
Definition
milk -> lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinuses -> open to the outside at the nipple |
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|
Term
what is know as the production of female gametes and begins in the fetal period? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
oogonia (2n ovarian stem cells) multiplu by _______ and store nutients in oogenesis |
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Definition
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|
Term
in oogenesis primary oocytes develop in _________ follicles and begin meiosis but stall in prophase I |
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Definition
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|
Term
each month after puberty, a few _______ __________ are activated and one is selected each month to resume meiosis I |
|
Definition
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|
Term
oogenesis results in two haploid cells know as? |
|
Definition
secondary oocyte and first polar body |
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|
Term
in oogenesis, the secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and is ________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
in oogenesis if the sceond oocyte is penetrate by sperm it completes meiosis II yielding _________ and _________ |
|
Definition
-ovum (the functional gamete) -second polar body |
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|
Term
monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the 2 phases in ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
follicular phase and luteal phase |
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|
Term
ovarian cycle is a total of how many days? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
period of follicle growth (days 1-14) is know as what phase in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28) is know as what phase in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
ovulation occurs when in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in the follicular phase primordial follicle becomes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when the primordial follicle is activated squamouslike cells become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______enlarges to become a primary (1) follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
stratified epithelium (granulosa cells) form around oocyte and granulosa cells and oocyte guide one another's development when? |
|
Definition
primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle |
|
|
Term
connective tissue (theca folliculi) and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens, zona pellucida forms around the oocyte, and fluid begins to accumulate when? |
|
Definition
secondary follicle becomes a late secondary follicle |
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|
Term
antrum forms and expands to isolat the oocyte with its corna radiata on a stalk, vesicular follicle bulges from the external surface of the ovary, and the primary oocyte completes meiosis I when? |
|
Definition
late secondary follicle becames a vesicular follicle |
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|
Term
when ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte with its corona radiata it is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation is called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which, if fertilized, results in _________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
during what phase does ruptured follicle collapses and granulosa cells and interna thecal cells form corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
corpus luteum secretes _______ and ________ during luteal phase |
|
Definition
progesterone and estrogen |
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|
Term
if there is no pregnancy, the corpus lutem degenerates into a _______ _______ in 10 days |
|
Definition
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|
Term
if there is pregnancy occurs, _________ __________ produces hormones until the placenta takes over at about 3 months |
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Definition
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|
Term
during childhood, _________ grow and secrete small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH |
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Definition
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|
Term
as puberty nears, GnRH is released; ______ and ______ are released bu the pituitary, and act on the ovaries |
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Definition
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|
Term
ovaries secrete small amounts of estrogens and estrogen inhibits release of GnRH when in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
during childhood until puberty |
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|
Term
leptin from adipose tissue decreases the estrogen inhibition and GnRH, FSH, and LH are released when in the ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in about four years, and adult cyclic pattern is achieved and _________ occurs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
GnRH causes release of _____ and ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
what causes growth of several follicles, and estrogen release |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what inhibit the release of FSH and LH, stimulate synthesis and storage of FSH and LH, and enhance further estrogen output? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
high estrogen levels have a _______ feedback effect on the pituitary at midcycle |
|
Definition
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|
Term
LH surge occurs at what day in the 28-Day Ovarian Cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what causes -completion of meiosis I (secondary oocyte continues on to metaphase II) -triggers ovulation -transforms ruptuted follicle into corpus luteum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what produces inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what 3 hormones inhibit FSH and LH release? |
|
Definition
inhibin, estrogen, and progestrogen |
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|
Term
Declining LH and FSH ends ________ activity and inhibits follicle development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what days does corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian hormones level drop sharply? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
at days 26-28 the blockade of ______ and _____ ends and the cycle starts anew |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cyclic changes in endometrium in response to ovarian hormones is know as what? |
|
Definition
uterine (menstrual) cycle |
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Term
another name for uterine cycle is? |
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Definition
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Term
what are the 3 phases of menstrual cycle? |
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Definition
1)day 1-5: menstrual phase 2)days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase 3)days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) phase (constant 14-day length) |
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Term
which phase of the uterine cycle are ovarian hormones at their lowest levels, gonadotropins are beginning to rise, and stratum functionalis is shed and the menstrual flow occurs? |
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Definition
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Term
what phase of the uterine cycle does estrogen levels prompt generation of new functional layer and increased synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium, also glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number? |
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Definition
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Term
what phase of the uterine cycle does progesterone level prompt -further development of endometrium -glandular secretion of glycogen -formation of the cervical mucus plug? |
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Definition
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Term
if fertilization does not occur, what six things occur? |
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Definition
1)corpus luteum degenerates 2)progesterone levels fall 3)spiral arteries kink and spasm 4)endometrial cells begin to die 5)spiral arteries constrict again, then relax and open wide 6)rush of blood fragments weakened capillary beds and the functional layer sloughs |
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Term
what -promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary -exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract -support the rapid but short-lived growth spurt at puberty -induce secondary sex characteristics -has metabolic effects |
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Definition
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Term
what are the 3 secondary sex characteristics that occurs because of estrogens? |
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Definition
1)growth of breasts 2)increased deposit of subcutaneous fat (hips and breasts) 3)widening and lightening of the pelvis |
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Term
what are the 2 metabolic effects that occurs because of estrogen? |
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Definition
1)maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL 2)facilitates calcium uptake |
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Term
___________ works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycle |
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Definition
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Term
what are the 2 effects of placental progesterone during pregnancy? |
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Definition
inhibits uterine motility and help prepare the breasts for lactation |
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Term
what engorges with blood during female sexual response? |
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Definition
clitoris, vaginal mucosa and breasts |
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Term
female sexual response is initiated by ___________ and __________ |
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Definition
touch and psychological stimuli |
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Term
what gland lubricate the vestibule in female sexual response? |
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Definition
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Term
orgasm is accompanied by what? |
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Definition
muscle tension, increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmic contractions of the uterus |
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Term
females do not have _________ period after orgasm and can experience multiple orgasms in a single sexual experience |
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Definition
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Term
true or false orgasm is essential for conception |
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Definition
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Term
only one of the ________ pairs of chromosomes in body cells are sex chromosomes: X and Y |
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Definition
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Term
the ________ gene on the Y chromosome initiates testes development and maleness |
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Definition
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Term
gonads begin to development in ______ week as gonadal ridges |
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Definition
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Term
paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts form ________ to the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts |
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Definition
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Term
paramesonephric (mullerian) duct is future male or female duct? |
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Definition
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Term
mesonephric (wolffian) duct is future male or female duct? |
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Definition
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Term
__________ germ cells migrate to the gonadal ridges to provide germ cells destined to become spermatogonia or oogonia |
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Definition
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Term
________ begins development in seventh week in males, and eighth week in females |
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Definition
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Term
Reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional and secondary sex characteristics appear in response to what ? |
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Definition
rising levels of gonadal hormones |
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Term
earliest time that reproduction is possible is during? |
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Definition
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Term
declining estrogen levels cause these 5 things to occur? |
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Definition
1)atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts 2)irritability and depression in some 3)hot flashes s skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation 4)gradual thinning of the skin and bone loss 5)increased total blood cholesterol levels and falling HDL |
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Term
menopause occurs when _________ have ceased for an entire year |
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Definition
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Term
true or false there is no equivalent to menopause in males |
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Definition
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