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| is a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe |
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| is the belief that government or other entities should exist separately from religion and/or religious beliefs. |
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| is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". |
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| is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another.the support that kings or popes have provided to musicians, painters, and sculptors. |
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| network of trade routes across the Asian continent connected East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North, East and Northeast Africa and Europe. It began in central China and stopped somewhere by the mediterranean sea. |
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| are adherents of the religion of Islam who identify linguistically, culturally, or genealogically as Arabs |
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| Europe's largest and wealthiest city, imperial capital of Roman Empire, Latin Empire and Ottoman Empire |
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| were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, waged by much of Roman Catholic Europe, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire,the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and their campaigns were launched in response to a call from the Christian Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia |
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| Ruler and emperior of Mongol empire startes Mongol Invasion |
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| was an infante (junior prince) of the Kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire. He was responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents. |
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| is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. |
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| was a period in history starting in the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans engaged in intensive exploration of the world, establishing direct contacts with Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania and mapping the planet. |
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| s a historical astronomical instrument used by astronomers, navigators, and astrologers. Its many uses include locating and predicting the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars; determining local time given local latitude and vice-versa; surveying; triangulation; and to cast horoscopes. |
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| A nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, the first European known to have done so. King John II of Portugal appointed him, on 10 October 1486, to head an expedition to sail around the southern end of Africa in the hope of finding a trade route to India |
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| a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. For a short time in 1524 he was Governor of Portuguese India under the title of Viceroy. |
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| was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy,he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. |
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| a Norse[2] explorer who is regarded as the first European to land in North America (excluding Greenland), nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus.[ |
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| is customarily used to refer to the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid-11th century.[1] |
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| to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, and to replace the Medieval Inquisition which was under Papal control, was originally intended in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam. This regulation of the faith of the newly converted was intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert |
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| the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith.[1] In return, they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products, such as in corn, wheat or chickens. |
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| was a period of over 800 years (539 years in Portugal) in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Al-Andalus province |
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| meaning "conqueror" in the Spanish and Portuguese languages) is the term widely used to refer to the Spanish[1][2] and Portuguese[3] soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain and Portugal in the 15th to 19th centuries following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. |
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| is the crime of paying for sacraments and consequently for holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus |
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| is the full or partial remission of temporal punishment[1] due for sins which have already been forgiven. |
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| was an English Scholastic philosopher, theologian, lay preacher,[1] translator, reformer and university teacher who was known as an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. His followers are known as Lollards, a somewhat rebellious movement, which preached anticlerical and biblically-centred reforms, was also an early advocate for translation of the Bible into the common tongue. |
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| is a term related to the medieval (Middle Ages) institution of knighthood which has an aristocratic military origin of individual training and service to others. |
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was a Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague. He is said to have influenced the reformation.He is famed for being and having been burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church, including those on ecclesiology (the branch of theology concerned with the nature, constitution and functions of the Church) the Eucharist (the most important Christian sacrament) and other theological topics.
He is famed for being and having been burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church, including those on ecclesiology (the branch of theology concerned with the nature, constitution and functions of the Church) the Eucharist |
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| was a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation.[1] He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor. |
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| written by Martin Luther in 1517 and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences. |
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| was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation.teachings of predistination |
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| rejected conventional Christian practices such as wearing wedding rings, taking oaths, and participating in civil government. They adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount and Believer's baptism. |
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| was the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.Many factors contributed to the process: the decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism, the rise of the common law, the invention of the printing press and increased circulation of the Bible, the transmission of new knowledge and ideas among scholars and the upper and middle classes. |
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| was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. he noted corruption in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, promoted clerical marriage, and attacked the use of images in places of worship. |
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| was a European royal house of Welsh origin[1] that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including the Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland, from 1485 until 1603. Its first monarch was Henry Tudor, a descendant through his mother of a legitimized branch of the English royal House of Lancaster. The Tudor family rose to power in the wake of the Wars of the Roses, which left the House of Lancaster, to which the Tudors were aligned, extirpated |
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| In 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, visit to Denmark, a country familiar with witch hunts, may have encouraged an interest in the study of witchcraft, which he considered a branch of theologyElizabeth I, who died without issue.[2] He then ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland for 22 years, often using the title King of Great Britain, until his death at the age of 58. |
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| Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess,was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty |
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| she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived Protestant half brother, Edward VI. In the process, she had almost 300 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I. |
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| He was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which,believed was divinely ordained. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in the English and Scottish Churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent which grew to be seen as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch.was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649 |
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