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- dynasty of Florentine bankers and politicians known for their patronage of the arts.
- Powerful Florentine family during Renaissance.
- Involved in the papacy, ruling Florence and Renaissance art. |
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-Father of Humanism. Italian Writer, creator of the sonnet.
-A deeply committed Christian
-Scholasticism was misguided
-Taught abstract speculation, not how to live virtuously
-The Christian writer must cultivate literary eloquence, inspire people to do good
-Models of eloquence to be found in Latin literature
-Ethical wisdom
-Wrote vernacular sonnets
-The ultimate ideal was contemplation and asceticism
-Italian scholar and writer who revived interest in classical writing styles and was famed for his love sonnets.
-Petrarch's ultimate ideal for human conduct was:
a solitary life of contemplation and asceticism |
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--Considered first modern historian, chancellor of Florence.
Leonardo Bruni and Leon Battitsa Alberti
-Agreed with Petrarch on the need for eloquence and virtue
-Also taught that man was equipped for action and usefulness to society and family
-Refused to condemn material possessions
-Human progress equivalent to man's mastery over nature |
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(believed the same things as Leonardo de Bruni)
- Italian author, poet, artist, architect, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer.
-Example of a “Renaissance Man”. |
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--Italian humanist, rhetorician, educator.
-Secretary in service to the king of Naples
-No allegiance to republican ideals
-Used an analysis of Greek and Latin texts to discredit old truths
-Proved the Donation of Constantine to be a medieval forgery
-Introduced the concept of anachronism into textual study
Notes on the New Testament
-Elucidated the true meaning of Paul's letters
-Believed they had been obscured by Jerome's translation
- He proved the Donation of Constantine to be a medieval forgery |
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| Giovanni Pico della Mirandola |
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--Philosopher who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man, which justified the importance for the human quest for knowledge.
-Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)
-Also a member of the Academy
-Saw little worth in public affairs
-Oration on the Dignity of Man
-"Nothing more wonderful than man" |
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--Wrote The Prince
The Prince
Treatise by Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) which encourages political leaders to be opportunistic and self-serving. |
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--Wrote The Book of the Courtier, which basically outlined the perfect Renaissance Lady.
1. Baldessare Castiglione (1478-1529)
a. The Book of the Courtier (1528)
b. A handbook of etiquette
c. The "Renaissance Man"
i. Multi-talented, brave, witty and courteous
2. Helped spread the Italian ideal of civility
3. Machiavelli, Mandragola
4. Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533)
a. Orlando Furioso
b. Lyric fantasy devoid of heroic idealism
c. Written to make readers laugh
d. Embodies the disillusionment of the late Renaissance
i. Loss of hope and faith
ii. Seeking consolation in pleasure and aesthetic delight
-Author of The Book of the Courtier, a popular treatise on upper-class social graces. |
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--First great painter of the renaissance… did frescoes.
One of the first people to use the vanishing point.
"Giotto reborn"
Paintings imitated nature
Employed perspective and chiaroscuro |
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--Painted The Birth of Venus and Primavera
-Classical and Christian subjects
-Allegory of Spring and Birth of Venus
-Allegories compatible with Christian teachings
-Ancient gods and goddesses represent various Christian virtues |
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-Personified the "Renaissance Man"
-Painter, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, and artist
-Patronage of Lorenzo the Magnificent
-Slowness in working -- difficulty finishing projects
-Left Florence for Milan and the Sforzas (1482-1499)
-A "camera eye" for what he painted
-The worship of nature and the essentially divinity in all things
-The Virgin of the Rocks
-Passion for science, the universe as a well-ordered place
-The Last Supper
-A study of psychological reactions
-Mona Lisa and Ginevra de Benci |
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-Native of Urbino
-Portrayals of man as temperate, wise, and dignified
-Influenced by Leonardo
-Disputà and the School of Athens
-Italian painter, painted the School of Athens |
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An idealist, embraced Neo-Platonism
-Painter, sculptor, architect and poet
-The centrality of the male figure -- powerful and magnificent
-The Sistine Chapel paintings (1508-1512)
-God Dividing the Light from Darkness, The Creation of Adam, The Flood
-Commitment to classical aesthetic principles of art (harmony, solidity, dignified restraint)
-The Last Judgment (1536)
-Sculpture allowed the artist to imitate God in recreating human forms
-Subordinated naturalism to the force of imagination
-David (1501) as expression of Florentine civic ideals
-Moses (c.1515) -- anatomical distortion and emotional intensity
-Descent from the Cross (unfinished)
Michelangelo's David was intended to be a public expression of Florentine civic ideals.
Michelangelo painted some of Sistine Chapel panels |
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Sculpture
-David -- the first free standing nude since antiquity |
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--Northern Humanist, Catholic Theologian.
--Was part of the reformation.
--He refused to break from the church however, though.
--Wrote The Praise of Folly, a satirical attack on superstitions.
A. Desiderius Erasmus (c.1469-1536)
1. "The prince of the Christian humanists"
2. Born near Rotterdam but was a citizen of the world
3. Devoured the classics and the Church Fathers
4. Attended University of Paris
a. Rebelled against Parisian scholasticism
5. Made his living by teaching and writing
6. Traveled to England, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands
7. A Latin prose stylist
a. Verbal effects, puns, and irony
8. Promoted the "philosophy of Christ"
a. All society is corrupt, go back to the Gospels
9. The Praise of Folly (1509)
a. Sarcasm and parody of everything, including himself
10. Colloquies (1518)
a. Examined contemporary religious practices
11. Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503)
a. Urges the laity to pursue lives of inward piety
12. Complaint of Peace (1517)
a. Christian pacifism
13. Textual criticism
a. New versions of Jerome, Augustine, and Ambrose
b. The New Testament (1516)
i. Greek and Latin translations
Dutch-born scholar and social commentator who proclaimed his humanist views in lively treatises like The Praise of Folly and the Colloquies.
Erasmus used irony and satire to criticize scholastic pedantry and dogmatism. His solution was not to go beyond it, but to go back to the Gospels for inspiration. With Thomas More, the message seemed to be that those who knew the Gospels ought to live the most ethical lives. (pp. 456-459)
It's greatest spokesmen like Erasmus and Thomas More, mocked the worldly concerns of state and church, and instead cautioned Europe that perhaps something even more fundamental had been lost from the historical past. |
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--Northern Humanist.
--Wrote Utopia
--Killed by Henry VIII after refusing to break from the Catholic Church.
A. Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)
1. Lord chancellor of England (1529)
2. Imprisoned for not taking an oath naming Henry VIII as head of the Church of England (1534)
a. Thrown into the Tower and executed
b. Martyrdom
3. Utopia
a. An Erasmian critique of contemporary society
b. An indictment against unearned wealth, persecution, punishment, and the slaughter of war
c. No private property
d. War an monasticism do not exist
With Thomas More, the message seemed to be that those who knew the Gospels ought to live the most ethical lives
Utopia Humanist social critique by English statesman Thomas More (1478-1535) |
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--French Humanist
-- Writer of fantasy, satire, grotesque dirty jokes and bawdy songs.
--Wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel
French humanist satirist best known for his crudely comic Gargantua and Patagruel.
1. François Rabelais (c.1494-1553)
a. Began his career in the clergy
b. Studied medicine, became a physician in Lyons
c. Gargantua and Pantagruel
i. Satirized religious ceremonialism, Scholasticism, superstitions, and bigotry
ii. Written in French
iii. Glorified the human and the natural
iv. The "abbey of Thélème" -- "do what thou wouldst."
In Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel, the single rule for those who inhabit the "abbey of Thélème " was: "do what thou wouldst." |
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--German painter, printmaker, and theorist.
--Did woodcuts.
-Mastered Italian techniques of proportion and perspective
-The details of nature
-Erasmus the hero |
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| Renaissance Classicism: How different from learning of the Middle Ages? |
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--Different from medieval learning in that it did not disregard the Greek and Roman texts because they were pagan??
A. Renaissance classicism
1. Significant quantitative difference between medieval and Renaissance learning
a. Rediscovery of classical texts (e.g., Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero)
b. Recovery of classical Greece from Byzantium
c. Forced scholars to learn Greek
2. Renaissance scholars used classical texts in new ways
a. An awareness of history
b. An awareness of cultural gaps
c. Models of thought and action
i. Similarities between ancient city-states and those of Renaissance Italy
3. Renaissance culture more worldly and materialistic
a. Italian city-states
b. The importance of the urban political arena
c. A non-ecclesiastical culture
d. Relative weakness of the Church in Italy |
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--Renaissance idea that maybe people are not total crap and of value.
--Idea that it is good to learn and gain knowledge.
Aristotle and Aristotelian logic, that great mainstay of the medieval world, was abandoned and in its place came Plato and the Neoplatonists, breathing new life into the new world. The world of medieval Scholastic logic-chopping gave way to the sometimes more mystical and clearly more human endeavors of the humanists. In art, music, philosophy and political theory, the new emphasis was on what was human, hence the word humanism has come to describe much of the Italian Renaissance.
Renaissance culture was shaped by humanism, a program of studies that replaced the Scholastic emphasis on logic with language, literature, history, and ethics. For the Renaissance, the study of the humanities was the best way to produce leaders for European society. (pp. 436-437)
--concept of study that emphasized liberal arts such as languages and history over medieval logic and metaphysics. |
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--Belief that human freedom and individualism is compatible with Christian Doctrine.
A. Christian humanism and the northern Renaissance
1. Northern Christian humanists looked or ethical guidelines in the Christian past
2. They sought wisdom from the Christian ancients
a. New Testament
b. The Church Fathers
3. Northern artists inspired by Italian example to learn classical techniques
Civic and Christian Humanism are contrasts
The most prominent northern Renaissance intellectual movement was:
Christian humanism. |
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--Textual criticism.
--people who are learned correct mistakes that were made while a text was being copied.
A. The emergence of textual scholarship
1. The civic humanists went beyond Petrarch in their knowledge of classicism
a. Aided by Byzantine scholars who migrated to Italy
b. Italian scholars traveled to Constantinople looking for Greek texts
i. Giovanni Aurispa brought 238 manuscript books to Italy (1423)
ii. Translated into Latin sense for sense, rather than word for word |
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--Revival of the ideas of the philosopher, Plato.
A. Renaissance Neo-Platonism
1. Blending the ideas of Plato, Plotinus, and ancient mysticism with Christianity
2. Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)
a. Member of the Platonic Academy at Florence
b. Translated Plato's works into Latin
c. Hermetica Corpus
3. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)
a. Also a member of the Academy
b. Saw little worth in public affairs
c. Oration on the Dignity of Man
i. "Nothing more wonderful than man"
Michelangelo embraced Neo-Platonism
Neo-Platonism and Christianity are contrasts |
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--A person who attends the court of a monarch or other powerful person.
1. Dark vision of human nature
B. The ideal of the courtier
1. Baldessare Castiglione (1478-1529)
a. The Book of the Courtier (1528)
b. A handbook of etiquette
c. The "Renaissance Man"
i. Multi-talented, brave, witty and courteous
2. Helped spread the Italian ideal of civility
3. Machiavelli, Mandragola
4. Ludovico Ariosto (1474-1533)
a. Orlando Furioso
b. Lyric fantasy devoid of heroic idealism
c. Written to make readers laugh
d. Embodies the disillusionment of the late Renaissance
i. Loss of hope and faith
ii. Seeking consolation in pleasure and aesthetic delight
The author of The Book of the Courtier was: |
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--Jack of all trades, someone who has many skills in many different areas.
a. The "Renaissance Man"
Multi-talented, brave, witty and courteous
1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
a. Personified the "Renaissance Man"
b. Painter, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, and artist |
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--Belief that human freedom and individualism is compatible with Christian Doctrine.
A. Christian humanism and the northern Renaissance
1. Northern Christian humanists looked or ethical guidelines in the Christian past
2. They sought wisdom from the Christian ancients
a. New Testament
b. The Church Fathers
3. Northern artists inspired by Italian example to learn classical techniques
Civic and Christian Humanism are contrasts
Question: The most prominent northern Renaissance intellectual movement was:
Christian humanism. |
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| Italian Renaissance: Why did it start here? Why did it decline around 1550? |
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--Italy was more urbanized than the rest of the world, it ended around 1550, because…
(look up on test for origins)
the Italian Renaissance looked to the past to understand the present and move forward, the Christian humanists of the northern Renaissance looked to the past in order to mock and criticize the present.
A. The origins of the Italian Renaissance -- why Italy?
1. Italy was most advanced urban society
a. Aristocrats lived in urban centers
b. More fully involved in urban public life
c. Aristocrats and merchants less sharply defined
d. Engaged in mercantile enterprises or banking
e. Greater demands for education for public life
f. Best educated upper class in Europe
2. A greater sense of affinity with the classical past
a. The omnipresence of the past -- surrounded by the monuments of ancient Rome
b. the attempt to establish a cultural identity independent from Scholasticism
c. Heightened antagonism between France and Italy
d. Roman art as alternative to French Gothicism
3. Italian wealth
a. A wealthy Italy compared to the rest of Europe
b. Italian writers and artists stayed at home rather than to seek employment abroad
c. Urban pride and the concentration of per capita wealth
d. Public urban support for culture
i. Patronage of the aristocracy
ii. Patronage of the papacy
B. The Italian Renaissance: literature and thought
1. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
a. deeply committed Christian
b. Scholasticism was misguided
i. Taught abstract speculation, not how to live virtuously
c. The Christian writer must cultivate literary eloquence, inspire people to do good
i. Models of eloquence to be found in Latin literature
ii. Ethical wisdom
iii. Wrote vernacular sonnets
d. The ultimate ideal was contemplation and asceticism
II. The Waning of the Italian Renaissance
A. Causes of decline, c.1550
1. War
a. French invasion of 1494 and incessant warfare
b. French inroads on northern Italy by Charles VIII
i. Duchy of Milan and Kingdom of Naples
ii. Aroused the suspicions of the Spanish
c. Louis XII invaded a second time (1499-1529)
d. Rome "sacked" by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V (1527)
2. The waning of Italian prosperity
a. Gradual shift of trade from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic
b. Warfare contributed to economic decline
3. The Counter-Reformation
a. The Inquisition (1542) and Index of Forbidden Books (1564)
b. Censorship
i. The death of Giordano Bruno
ii. The trail of Galileo
Question: The Italian Renaissance declined because:
Italy lost its supremacy as the center of world trade. |
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| Northern Renaissance: When did it start? Where did it flourish? |
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--Started around 1450. Flourished…
the Christian humanists of the northern Renaissance looked to the past in order to mock and criticize the present
A. Christian humanism and the northern Renaissance
1. Northern Christian humanists looked or ethical guidelines in the Christian past
2. They sought wisdom from the Christian ancients
a. New Testament
b. The Church Fathers
3. Northern artists inspired by Italian example to learn classical techniques
The most prominent northern Renaissance intellectual movement was:
Christian humanism. |
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