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| was a Spanish knight from a Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian. He formulated the fundamentals of the Spiritual Exercises. |
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(1660-1727) Leader of German Pietism after Spener. (pia Desideria p.21) A young associate of Spener who participated in the conventicle and fully committed to Spener's understanding of Lutheranism. (Lund p.279; also see Sermon on Renewal p. 292-298)
Spener's disciple and friend. As a Lutheran pastor, he found himself in conflict with other Lutheran clergymen after undergoing a profound conversion experience. As a result of Spener's influence, Francke was invited to become professor of Greek and Oriental languages at the newly formed University of Halle. Under his leadership, Halle became a key means of Pietist reform as it trained men for the Lutheran pastorate who were taught the theology and practice of Arndt, Spener and Francke.
http://www.xenos.org/essays/pietism.htm
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Pietism (from the word piety) was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later. It proved to be very influential throughout Protestantism and Anabaptism, inspiring not only Anglican priest John Wesley to begin the Methodist movement, but also Alexander Mack to begin the Brethren movement. Halle is the largest city in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt.
University of Halle: Halle became a key means of Pietist reform as it trained men for the Lutheran pastorate who were taught the theology and practice of Arndt, Spener and Francke. http://www.xenos.org/essays/pietism.htm |
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German Lutheran. (pia Desideria p.1) reformer in the Lutheran Church of Germany. (pia Desideria p.2) Father of pietism. Wrote Pia Desideria. He developed a program that addressed all his concerns (pia Desideria p.19)
(1635-1705) is credited with forging the ideas of Arndt into a reform movement within Lutheranism.Footnote25 Like Arndt, he was a Lutheran pastor and scholar. He was deeply influenced by True Christianity, and in 1675, he wrote a foreword to a new edition of True Christianity. This foreword, reissued separately a year later, was entitled Pia Desideria, or Heartfelt Desire for a God-pleasing Reform of the True Evangelical Church, Together with Several Simple Christian Proposals Looking Toward this End. As the title suggests, this work not only critiqued the spiritual state of German Lutheranism; it also outlined a plan of reform. It was greeted with an enthusiastic response by many German people, but with sharp criticism by much of the the clergy. In his subsequent works, Spener continued to outline the needed reform of the Lutheran church. http://www.xenos.org/essays/pietism.htm |
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| (June 1703 – March 1791) was a Church of England cleric and Christian theologian. Wesley is largely credited, along with his brother Charles Wesley, as founding the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air preaching. |
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| Calvin's systematic presentation of Christian theology. ( Spitz p. 129) |
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| The Huguenots (French pronunciation: [yɡno]) were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Since the seventeenth century, Huguenots have been commonly designated "French Protestants," the title being suggested by their German co-religionists or "Calvinists." |
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| Despite their closeness, Charles and his brother John did not always agree on questions relating to their beliefs. In particular, Charles was strongly opposed to the idea of a breach with the Church of England into which they had been ordained. Charles Wesley is chiefly remembered for the many hymns he wrote. |
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Henry Melchior Muhlenberg
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| was a German Lutheran pastor sent to North America as a missionary. Integral to the founding of the first Lutheran church body or denomination in North America, Muhlenberg is considered the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in the United States. |
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St. Bartholomew’s Massacre
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Bartholomew's Day massacre (Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy in French) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place six days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). This marriage was an occasion for which many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris.
The massacre began two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the military and political leader of the Huguenots. |
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Ecclesiastical Ordinances
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Ecclesiastical ordinances are the bylaws of a Christian religious organization, especially that of a diocese or province of a church. They are used in the Anglican Communion, particularly the American Episcopal Church and Roman Catholic Church.
Ecclesiastical Ordinances is the title of the foundation rules, or constitution, of the Reformed Church in Geneva, written by John Calvin in 1541.[1][2][3] They were revised in 1561.[4]
Under Roman Catholic rules, violators of such ordinances are subject to confinement in Ecclesiastical prison. |
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| The Society of Jesus is a religious order of men called Jesuits, who follow the teachings of the Catholic Church. Jesuit priests and brothers[2]—also sometimes known colloquially as "God's Marines" and as "The Company", this terminology because of founder Ignatius of Loyola's military background. |
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| Spiritual Exercises are methods of preparing and disposing the soul to free itself of all inordinate attachments, and after accomplishing this, of seeking and discovering the Divine Will regarding the disposition of one's life, thus insuring the salvation of his soul. The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius (p. 37) |
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| means "pious wishes" (pia Desideria p.17). Written by Spener. presented a program that touched on his concerns for reforming theological education to the endorsement of mysticism. (pia desideria p. 19) |
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| (10 August 1556 in Bad Arolsen-Mengeringhausen – 26 October 1608 in Hamburg) was a German Lutheran pastor, poet, and composer, author of two famous hymns. |
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| (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. The Word of God as the purist authority became for him the canon of all faith and life. (The Protestant Reformation p. 77) |
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| wrote the Six Articles reaffirming 6 basic Catholic doctrines Protestants called "the bloody whip with six strings". (Spitz p. 162) |
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| Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. In the Edict Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity.[1] The Edict separated civil from religious unity, treated some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance. In offering general freedom of conscience to individuals, the Edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, such as amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances directly to the king. It marks the end of the religious wars that had afflicted France during the second half of the 16th century. |
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| The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate.One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. |
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| reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that a supreme being created the universe. |
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| American colonies were presented by some Anglican divines as comprising a distinct Christian tradition, with theologies, structures and forms of worship representing a middle ground, or via media, between Reformed Protestantism and Roman Catholicism; a perspective that came to be highly influential in later theories of Anglican identity, and expressed in the description "Catholic and Reformed". |
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| was a National Synod held in Dordrecht in 1618-1619, by the Dutch Reformed Church, to settle a serious controversy in the Dutch churches initiated by the rise of Arminianism.They taught election on the basis of foreseen faith, a universal atonement, resistible grace, and the possibility of lapse from grace. |
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| is an authoritative Lutheran statement of faith (called a confession, creed, or "symbol") that, in its two parts (Epitome and Solid Declaration), makes up the final section of the Lutheran Corpus Doctrinae or Body of Doctrine, known as the Book of Concord (most references to these texts are to the original edition of 1580). The Epitome is a brief and concise presentation of the Formula's twelve articles. |
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| was an Act of the Parliament of England, which prescribed the form of public prayers, administration of sacraments, and other rites of the Established Church of England, following all the rites and ceremonies and doctrines prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer. |
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| (October 17, 1582 – August 10, 1637) was a Lutheran church leader and Lutheran Scholastic theologian during the period of Orthodoxy. |
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(December 27, 1555 – May 11, 1621) was a German Lutheran theologian who wrote "True Christianity" and several influential books of devotional Christianity.He asserted that orthodox doctrine was not enough to produce Christian life and advocated a msticism which he borrowed largely from late Middle Ages. (pia Desideria p.8) And, he's a model for the kind of preaching Spener has in mind (p.16).
Although reflective of the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy, he is seen as a forerunner of pietism, a movement within Lutheranism that gained strength in the late 17th century.
Widely acknowledged as the theological father of German Lutheran Pietism. As a Lutheran pastor and a scholar of Luther's writings, his True Christianity (1605) was the first German Pietist work to challenge the spiritual maladies of Lutheran orthodoxy.http://www.xenos.org/essays/pietism.htm |
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| 10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564) was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. Originally trained as a humanist lawyer, he broke from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530. After religious tensions provoked a violent uprising against Protestants in France, Calvin fled to Basel, Switzerland, where he published the first edition of his seminal work Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536. |
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| was the 16th-century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. It is considered to be one of the Church's most important[1] councils. The council issued condemnations on what it defined as Protestant heresies and defined Church teachings in the areas of Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints. |
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| was a prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun, and writer of the Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer. |
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| was an eminent second-generation Lutheran theologian, reformer, churchman, and confessor. In the Lutheran tradition he is known as Alter Martinus, the "Second Martin" |
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| was an Anglican Protestant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the British North American colonies. He was one of the founders of Methodism and of the evangelical movement. |
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| was a pioneering Roman Catholic missionary born in the Kingdom of Navarre (Spain) and co-founder of the Society of Jesus. He was a student of Saint Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits, dedicated at Montmartre in 1534.[ |
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| was a significant German Lutheran theologian, involved in the drafting of major documents. |
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| was an English Puritan (pia Desideria p.1) Christian writer and preacher, famous for writing Pilgrim's Progress. Though he was a Reformed Baptist, in the Church of England. |
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| The Religious Society of Friends comprises religious organizations arising out of a Christian movement in mid-17th century England which focused on ordinary individuals' own experience of Christ. |
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| was a German hymn writer. |
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| Westphalia denotes a series of peace treaties signed between May and October of 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic. |
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| was a German Lutheran theologian.Learning different Protestant and Roman Catholic teachings, he tried to create a "unified theology" returning to the first 5 centuries of the Christian era. (pia Desideria p.13) |
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Calvinist theology is sometimes identified with the five points of Calvinism, also called the doctrines of grace, which are a point-by-point response to the five points of the Arminian Remonstrance (see History of Calvinist-Arminian debate) and which serve as a summation of the judgments rendered by the Synod of Dort in 1619.[5] Calvin himself never used such a model and never combated Arminianism directly.
The Five Points
of Calvinism
Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible grace
Perseverance of the saints |
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| the Latinized name of the Dutch theologian Jakob Hermanszoon from the Protestant Reformation period. |
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| was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645. One of the High Church Caroline divines, he opposed radical forms of Puritanism. |
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| an activist movement within the Church of England. historically, the word was used to characterize the Protestant group as extremists. |
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| was an Anglo-Welsh soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and religious philosopher of the Kingdom of England. |
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| is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and of other Anglican churches, used throughout the Anglican Communion. The first book, published in 1549 (Church of England 1957), in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome. |
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| was a member of the Lutheran clergy and the first Pietist missionary to India. |
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| The three documents are considered by many Protestants to be the grandest doctrinal statements to come out of the English Reformation. Completed in 1647. |
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| was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. |
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| were established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the English Reformation; especially in the relation of Calvinist doctrine and Roman Catholic practices to the nascent Anglican doctrine of the evolving English Church. |
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| was a German poet and hymn-writer. |
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| as a German clergyman and hymnist. He is best known for the text to "Now thank we all our God" |
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| is the refusal to "conform" to, or follow, the governance and usages of the Church of England by the Protestant Christians of England and Wales.In England, after the Act of Uniformity 1662 a Nonconformist was an English subject belonging to a non-Christian religion or any non-Anglican church. |
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was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg, now in present-day Bavaria, Germany.
It officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| was a clergyman who became the de facto founder of written Finnish and a prominent proponent of the Protestant Reformation in Sweden (including Finland). He is often called the "father of the Finnish written language". Agricola was consecrated as the bishop of Turku (Åbo) in 1554, without papal approval. As a result, he began a reform of the Finnish church. |
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| was a clergyman, writer, and a major contributor to the Protestant Reformation in Sweden. |
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| was an important Jesuit who fought against the spread of Protestantism in Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, (Czech Republic), and Switzerland. The restoration of the Catholic Church in Germany after the Reformation is attributed to his work. |
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| was an Irish rationalist philosopher and freethinker, and occasional satirist, who wrote numerous books and pamphlets on political and religious philosophy, which are early expressions of the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment. |
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was a Danish Pietist bishop and hymn writer.
Brorson belonged to a clerical family, both of this brothers were energetic and successful Pietist vicars. He began publishing hymns in 1732 while a pastor in southern Jutland. His most important work was Troens rare klenodie (1739; "The Rare Jewel of the Faith"), which contained many translations of German Pietist hymns and 82 original pieces and went though seven editions in Brorson's lifetime. He was elected bishop of Ribe in 1741, where he remained for the rest of his life. |
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a person or thing from Moravia (in any meaning)
Moravians (ethnic group)
a member or adherent of the Moravian Church |
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