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Definition
| arguing that a claim is true or false solely because of its origin (irrelevant premise) |
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| arguing that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole. (irrelevant premise) |
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| arguing what is true of the whole must be true of the parts (irrelevant premise) |
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| appeal to the person fallacy (ad hominem) |
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| rejecting a claim by criticizing the person who makes it rather than the claim itself (irrelevant premise) |
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Definition
| the use of a word in two different senses in an argument (irrelevant premise) |
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| appeal to popularity fallacy |
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| arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it (irrelevant premise) |
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Definition
| arguing that a claim must be true just because it's part of a tradition (irrelevant premise) |
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| arguing that a lack of evidence proves something (irrelevant premise) |
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Definition
| weight of evidence or argument required by one side in a debate or disagreement (in the critical thinking sense) |
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| appeal to emotion fallacy |
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Definition
| use of emotions as premises in an argument (irrelevant premise) |
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Definition
| the deliberate raising of an irrelevant issue during an argument (irrelevant premise) |
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Definition
| the distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying of someone's position so it can be more easily attacked or refuted (irrelevant premise) |
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| begging the question fallacy |
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Definition
| the attempt to establish a conclusion of an argument by using that conclusion as a premise (unacceptable premise) |
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Definition
| asserting that there are only two alternatives to consider when there are actually more than two (unacceptable premise) |
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Definition
| arguing, without good reasons, that taking a particular step will inevitably lead to a further, undesirable step (unacceptable premise) |
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| hasty generalization fallacy |
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Definition
| drawing a conclusion on a whole group based on an inadequate sample of the group (unacceptable premise) |
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Definition
| because two or more things are similar in several respects, they must be similar in some further respect (unacceptable premise) |
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| to think that previous events can affect the probabilities in the random event at hand |
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Term
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Definition
| huge collection of very well supported beliefs that we all rely on to inform our actions and choices |
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| someone who is more knowledgeable in a particular subject area or field than most others are |
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| the fallacy of relying on the opinion of someone deemed to be an expert who in fact is not an expert |
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Term
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Definition
| It's reasonable to accept the evidence provided by personal experience only if there's no good reason to doubt it |
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Term
| perception and memory are "constructive" |
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Definition
| what we perceive and remember is to some degree fabricated by our minds |
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Definition
| intended to provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion. |
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Definition
| intended to provide probable -not conclusive- support for its conclusion |
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Definition
| a deductive argument that succeeds in providing such decisive logical support |
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Definition
| a deductive argument that fails to provide decisive logical support |
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Definition
| the guarantee of truth in the conclusion of a deductively valid argument |
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Term
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Definition
| an inductive argument that succeeds in providing probable -but not conclusive- logical support for its conclusion |
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Definition
| an argument that fails to provide probable -but not conclusive- logical support for its conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| A deductively valid argument that has true premises |
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Term
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Definition
| an inductively strong argument with true premises |
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Term
| affirming the antecedent (modus ponens)(valid) |
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Definition
| If p, then q. p. Therefore, q. |
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Term
| Denying the Consequent (Modus Tollens)(valid) |
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Definition
| If p, then q. Not q. Therefore, not p. |
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Term
| Hypothetical Syllogism (valid) |
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Definition
If p, then q.
If q, then r.
Therefore, if p, then r. |
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Term
| affirming the consequent (invalid) |
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Definition
If p, then q.
q.
therefore, p. |
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Term
| denying the antecedent (invalid) |
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Definition
If p, then q.
Not p.
Therefore, not q. |
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Term
| Disjunctive Syllogism (valid) |
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Definition
Either p or q.
Not p.
Therefore, q. |
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