Term
| What bones make up the bony orbit? |
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Definition
| Frontal; maxilla; zygomatic; sphenoid; ethmoid; lacrimal; palatine |
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Term
| What makes up the roof of the bony orbit? |
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Definition
| Orbital part of frontal, lesser wing of sphenoid |
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Term
| What makes up the medial wall of the bony orbit? |
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Definition
| Thinnest wall, related to ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses, made up of ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and lacrimal bones |
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Term
| What makes up the lateral wall of the bony orbit? |
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Definition
| Thickest wall, made up of frontal process of zygomatic and greater wing of sphenoid |
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Term
| What makes up the floor of the bony orbit? |
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Definition
| Maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, related to maxillary sinus |
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Term
| What separates the floor of the bony orbit from the lateral wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the orbit is most commonly associated with blow out fractures? |
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Definition
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Term
| Protrusion of the eyeball is referred to as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the effects of a blow-out fracture on the bones of the orbit? |
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Definition
| Displaces orbital walls, pushes intraorbital contents into the sinuses |
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Term
| What are the observable effects of a blow-out fracture? |
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Definition
| Pain, swelling, diplopia, inhibited upward gaze due to entrapment of inferior oblique, enopthalamos |
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Term
| What traverses the optic canal and what areas does it connect? |
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Definition
| Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery, communicates with middle cranial fossa |
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Term
| What passes through the superior orbital fissure? What does it communicate with? |
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Definition
| Superior opthalmic vein, CN III, IV, and V2, branches of CN V1, communicates with middle cranial fossa |
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Term
| What is transmitted through the inferior orbital fissure and what does it communicate with? |
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Definition
| Orbital and zygomatic branches of CN V2, inferior ophthalmic vein, veins communicating with the pterygoid plexus, communicates with pterygopalatine fossa |
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Term
| What travels through the supraorbital notch/foramen? |
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Definition
| Supraorbital artery and nerve |
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Term
| What travels through the infraorbital groove and canal? |
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Definition
| Infraorbital artery and nerve |
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Term
| What is transmitted through the lacrimal canal and what does it communicate with? |
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Definition
| Nasolacrimal duct, connects to inferior nasal meatus |
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Term
| What passes through the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen? |
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Definition
| Anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries and nerves respectively |
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Term
| What separates the eyelids? |
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Definition
| Medial and lateral palpebral commissures |
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Term
| Eyelashes are associated with what glands? |
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Definition
| Glands of Zeiss (sebaceous glands) glands of Moll (modified sweat glands) |
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Term
| What is responsible for the rigidity of the eyelid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles insert into the tarsal plate? |
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Definition
| Levator palpebrae superioris and superior tarsal muscle, contains large sebaceous glands called Meibomean/tarsal glands |
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Term
| What are secreted by tarsal glands? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Infection of the eyelid involving Meibomian glands or the glands of Zeiss due to obstruction or infection of an eyelash |
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Term
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Definition
| Noninfections obstruction of Meibomian glands causing inflammation, irritation, and cysts |
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Term
| What causes the inability to fully close eyelids in Bell's palsy? |
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Definition
| Paralysis of orbicularis oculi due to damage to CN VII |
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Term
| Ptosis is a term used for what symptom? |
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Definition
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Term
| Paralysis of what muscles causes ptosis? |
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Definition
| Levator palpebrae superioris (CN III damage) or superior tarsal muscle (Horner syndrome) |
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Term
| The lacrimal duct drains into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe he pathway tears take from the lacrimal gland to excretion |
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Definition
| Lacrimal canaliculi -> lacrimal puncta on the summit of the lacrimal papilla -> lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct -> inferior nasal meatus |
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Term
| Tears are spread evenly over the eyeball through blinking and accumulation in an area known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides innervation signalling for the excretion of tears? |
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Definition
| Greater petrosal n. via CN VII -> pterygopalatin ganglion -> zygomatic n. and lacrimal n. via CN V2 -> lacrimal gland |
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Term
| What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic effects on the lacrimal apparatus? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic = secretomotor, Sympathetic = vasoconstriction |
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Term
| What makes up the fibrous layer of the eyeball? |
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Definition
| Sclera, cornea, and corneoscleral junction (limbus) |
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Term
| What makes up the vascular layer (Uvea) of the eyeball? |
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Definition
| Choroid, ciliary body, iris |
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Term
| What makes up the neural layer of the eyeball? |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of the eyeball do not make up its various coats? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the central aperture of the iris known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the ciliary body of the eyeball? |
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Definition
| Ciliary muscles (ciliary muscle, sphincter pupillae, and dilator pupillae) and processes |
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Term
| What secretes aqueous humor in the eye? |
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Definition
| Ciliary processes of the ciliary body |
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Term
| What is the function of sphincter and dilator pupillae? |
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Definition
| Myosis (pupilloconstriction) and mydriasis (pupillodilation) respectively |
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Term
| How do ciliary muscles mediate far vision and near vision? |
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Definition
| Relax to flatten the lens for far vision, constrict to relax the suspensory ligament and thicken the lens for near vision |
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Term
| How does aqueous humor secreted by the ciliary processes drain out of the eye? |
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Definition
| Anterior chamber -> trabecular meshwork -> iridocorneal junction -> exits via spaces of the Fontana into Schlemm's canal |
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Term
| How many layers are there to the retina? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the outermost layers of the retina? |
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Definition
| Retinal pigment epithelium adjacent to the choroid and nerve fiber layer that forms the optic nerve in the optic disc |
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Term
| What purpose do rods and cones serve? |
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Definition
| Rods = night vision, cones = color vision |
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Term
| Where is the highest concentration of cones found? |
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Definition
| Fovea (a small pit in the macular lutea) |
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Term
| What supplies blood to the retina? |
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Definition
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