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Definition
Street Crime - public areas
White-collar - professional setting by professionals performing their duties
Corporate Crime - White-Collar crime in corporate word |
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| Functionalism on Deviance/Control |
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Definition
Social change: from societies with mechanical solidarity to societies with organic solidarity
Mechanical solidarity: social cohesion based on similarity of social roles; characteristic of societies with almost non-existent division of labor (pre-modern)
Organic solidarity: social cohesion based on interdependence; characteristic of societies with advanced division of labor (modern) |
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Definition
| Stock of knowledge, habits, social/ personality attributes, embodied in ability to perform labor, producing economic value. |
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Definition
| reading/writing skills that are inadequate to manage daily living & employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level. |
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Definition
| Unofficial, often unintended, lessions, values, and perspectives that students learn in school. |
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Definition
Parenting style - foster child's talents by incorporating organized activities in children's lives.
Middle-Rich |
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Term
| "The Accomplishment of Natural Growth" |
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Definition
| childrearing that working class and poor parents practice, and not necessarily by choice. They are less involved with the structure of their child’s after school activities and generally have less education and time to impress values upon their children that will give them an advantage in school. This type of childrearing involves less organized activities and more free time for their children to play with other children in the neighborhood. |
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Definition
| College is an inequal experience |
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Term
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Definition
Family: a social group united by kinship ties
Nuclear family: parents and children
Extended family: family ties beyond the nuclear family; members may coexist in one or several households
Endogamy: marrying within one’s social group (e.g. race/ethnicity, class, religion, etc).
Exogamy: marrying outside one’s social group |
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Term
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Definition
a set of beliefs and rituals based on a conception of the sacred
3 Types:
Theism
Ethicalism
Animism
(Secularism)
Civil religion: religious beliefs infiltrate national culture |
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Term
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Definition
| ow the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the concepts of self-fulfilling prophecy and stereotyping. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
rule-breaking without formal sanctions
"Secret Deviants" |
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Term
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Definition
when primary deviance becomes known; the deviance is then more socially consequential than primary deviance; usually accompanied by stigma
Stigma: difference between virtual social identity and actual social identity (Goffman)
People attach a negative meaning or label to stigmatized people; stigmatized people tend to attach that negative label to themselves |
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Term
| Classical sociological views on religion: Marx, Weber, Durkheim |
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Definition
Marx - Opium of the People, not revolutionary social change, pacifies under capitalism
Weber - Religion is social factor leading to rise of capitalism in West. Thesis of Protestant Ethic & Spirit of Capitalism. Moral duty to find calling. Wealth proves one's spiritual standing. Work ethic.
Durkheim - system of beliefs & rituals that form moral community, rituals causes collective effervescence leading to solidarity, normative behavior due to reverence to the collective. |
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Definition
| a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person. |
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Term
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Definition
system of ideas based on the notion that “crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity” (textbook)
Unintended consequences of application of deterrence theory
Intensified policing and the surveillance of the parole system
Prison time may not achieve rehabilitation |
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Definition
| “the reversion of an individual to criminal behavior” |
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Term
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Definition
ideologies, ideas, beliefs, noninstinctual behaviors, practices and human-made objects of human groups
Culture includes technologies for the control of natural phenomena |
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Definition
| system of beliefs and ideas that defines what is normal for a human group; ideologies are associated with a status quo |
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Definition
Values: beliefs about morality
Norms: materialization of values into concrete precepts |
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Definition
| behavior and ideology based on the idea that market consumption leads to self-fulfillment and satisfaction |
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Definition
| forms of cultural resistance that involve the subversion of media messages |
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Definition
| it is a confrontation and/or opposition to existing status quo |
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Term
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Definition
| “any formats or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information” (broad definition) |
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Definition
| the interpretive activities that we carry on to modify our feelings or to produce them) to change |
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Definition
| how we learn to act in the social world and build our sense of who we are |
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Definition
Generalizations
A scientific theory is a set of generalizations for explaining a body of phenomena
To predict social realities
To interpret social realities
To transform social realities |
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Term
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Definition
1) Functionalism;
2) Conflict theory;
3) Symbolic Interactionism - people act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them, and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation
4) Feminist theory |
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Term
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Definition
are outcomes that are not the ones foreseen and intended by a purposeful action.
Unexpected benefit: A positive, unexpected benefit (also referred to as luck, serendipity or a windfall).
Unexpected drawback: A negative, unexpected detriment occurring in addition to the desired effect of the policy (e.g., while irrigation schemes provide people with water for agriculture, they can increase waterborne diseases that have devastating health effects, such as schistosomiasis).
Perverse result: A perverse effect contrary to what was originally intended (when an intended solution makes a problem worse). This is sometimes referred to as 'backfire'. |
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Term
| Key premises of social interaction |
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Definition
“The first premise is that human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that the things have for them
The second premise is that the meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with one’s fellows
The third premise is that these meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he encounters” |
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Term
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Definition
first, researchers select a theory; a hypothesis is derived; empirical research is conducted; theory is re-examined in light of results
first, researchers gather empirical evidence; then, researcher builds theory based on results |
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Definition
| they are part of their behavior in the form of habits; deeply ingrained, and thus “invisible” |
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Term
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Definition
| results from ignoring that the social world is the product of people’s actions and meanings; it is also to take social constructs as entities that individuals cannot change |
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