·         Nervous System

- connections of neurons

   Peripheral and Central 

  Peripheral

§  Somatic Nervous System (skeleton)

ú  Conscious part, voluntary - 

* responsible for movement of skeletal bone 

§  Autonomic Nervous System

automatic, uncontrolled

- requires no thought.

* can be activated by stimuli in the enviroment 

* involuntary 

ú  Sympathetic Nervous System-

 fight or flight, 

 This means when the sympathetic nervous system is activated there is

stress placed on the person. 

·         Raises heart rate and blood pressure

·         Releases glucose and fat for high energy

·         Raise blood flow to skeletal muscles

·         Decreases digestive process

·         Immune system – vestigial response

·         Pupils dilate

·         Salivary glands stop

·         Stomach stops digesting

Responsible for response in the human body that pertain to

“rest & digest”. 

·         Pupils constrict

·         Salivary glands produce saliva

·         ** The opposite of what happens in the sympathetic nervous system

above: digestive enzymes come active,

heart rate slows down,

maintains

homeostasis

Antagonistic to each other .. Agent that interferes with the physiological action of another

o   Central Nervous System 

- brain and spinal cord

1. Sensory 

2. Motor

3. Infer 

 Information sent from the body to the brain 

 Information sent from the brain to the body 

function. 

in the cortex of the brain

1. responsible for rhythmic movements such as walking or swimming.

2. Important in function for “mindless” or without thinking tasks..

 A tract (bundle of axons) within the CNS allow for a

highway of information to free flow from the body to brain 

sensory neurons

or from the brain to body 

Descending

motor neurons

 A movement of skeletal muscle without thought involved.

It is a combination of sensory and motor neurons working in junction to rapidly make an involuntary movement. 

Example, you touch a hot stove and your hand comes off.

1. Lesion 

2. stimulation 

3. EEG 

4. Singe- Cell Recording 

5. Brain Image

 Lesions

·         directly, neurotoxin

·         Problem: can’t do it on humans, use lab animals

 Stimulation

using electric current to stimulate a region

·         you can’t do on humans 

* Done on animals 

 EEG

1.  one of the first ways  

2. measuring what different regions of the brain are doing

*  placing an electrode on a particular neuron, recently done on humans

     Hubel and Wiesal- they took cats and opened up skulls and attached to visual system, this showed that there are different neurons for different orientations of an imag

- 

they took cats and opened up skulls and attached to visual system, this

showed that there are different neurons for different orientations of an image

we want to know what particular regions of the brain are doing

1. C.A.T scan 

2. PET Scan 

FMRI 

·         can- ligament tear

o   an image needs to be taken

 PET Scan

1.  inject you with radio active glucose, the glucose flow for a particular area of the brain

Medulla ( brain stem) 

where the brains widden 

* postural- balance, vital- breathing

Pons

 (bridge), comes over the medulla

ú  Both control more complicated reflexes

 Midbrain

ú  It controls basic movement patterns such as eating, drinking, fighting, grooming)

ú  Along with the pons controls the levels of sleep and arousal

o   Thalamus

 (interchanger)

  * relay station- sensory input to and from cortical regions

1. basal ganlia 

2. cerebellum 

- it controls deliberate movements

ú  Parkinson’s disease - lack of dophamine 

ú  To get more dopamine

·         Increase the amount being released into the synapse, next to another dendrite

§  it coordinates movements of limbs

* It has a timing circuit

§  Limbic System

  Hippocampus

- learning and memory center of brain 

specifically long term memory

        HM

   Long term potentiation

 connection of existing neurons

At adulthood it is important to continue the learning

process, so the brain continues to form new neurons in response.

ú  Amygdala

·         Controlled emotions

·         Drive-related behaviors

       Orbital- frontal cortex

- lack of empathy if removed, anti social personality disorder

o   Psychosis vs. psychopaths

People who have this damage to orbital frontal cortex

the brain can say the

appropriate answers when asked questions however do not have the appropriate

responses.

 These people are marked with a mental disorder that

causes

Responsible for homeostatic mechanisms

Hypothalamus 

Homeostatic mechanisms

   Controls endocrine function through the pituitary gland

controls the autonomic nervous system

* (both sympathetic & parasympathetic)

o Additionally controls motor function

o   Negative feedback loop

§  Ex. Thermostat- turns on when temp gets below what is normal/ wanted. So it will then return back to normal

o   Controls autonomic nervous system

·         Controls motor function

§  Cerebral cortex- 

65% of your brain weight

 Morphology

      Gyrus(hill of a convolution),

sulcus (valley of convolution),

fissure (a crease in the brain, and area of the brain that is pressed in)

Hemispheres

·         Left and Right

       Lateralization

- each hemisphere is responsible for different things

o   Left- language, speech

o   Right- special abilities (map reading, 3d calculus)

 People who have damaged their original language

centers on the left side of their brain have language

centers form on the right side of 

the brain and in turn write with their left hand.

        Corpus Callosum

 communication between the two hemispheres

connects left to right 

o   Sperry- split

 brain patients, split the corpus callosum and they then had two separate brains

- right action, left side of brain, left action, right part of brain

                    Wernicke’s Area

Language comprehension are afound next to theauditory

complex.

Are of the brain responsible for language production

Aphasia

refers to a condition in which a person has general language difficulty.

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Occipital

4. Temporal

located on sides of thehead.

The thalamus sends undifferentiated

signals to

the temporallobe.Here many different areas are

found

Located inthe back of thebrainand is thevisualcenter.

* Information from youre yes projectsintooccipital lobe.

         Parietal- top

o   The attentional center of the brain

o   Association areas of the brain

§  Ex. Eating- taste, look, smell

o   Somato sensory cortex- receiving input from sensory organs

§  Topographical organization- neurons

·         Occipital- 

back

o   Primary visual cortex

*