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What are the four factors that affect comprehension 1.negatives 2. passive voice 3. nested structures 4. ambiguity |
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Definition
1.negatives
2. passive voice
3.nested structures
4.ambiguity |
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| What are the basic building blocks of language |
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Definition
1.phonemes
2.morphemes
3. surface structure
4. deep structure |
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| What is the cognitive map |
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Definition
| mental image of our external environment |
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| underlying meaning of a sentence |
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| language rules, determines how sounds and words can be combined and has 2 components |
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| grammar (syntax and semantics) |
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| particular words or phrases to make up a sentence |
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| simple words, suffixes, prefixes |
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| basic sound units; string together to make morphemes |
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| mental categories, classifying objects, people or experiences |
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| idea that language affects ability to store and retrieve information and our ability to think about things |
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| we construct sentences by using hierachal structures like an upside down tree based on grammatical building blocks called constituents |
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| Phonemes, morphemes, surface structure, and deep structure |
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| Building blocks of language |
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| nonverbal, visual, olfactory, auditory, and mental representations |
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| Chomsky says we have an innate ability to learn language, true or false |
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| grammatical building blocks consisting of phonemes, morphemes, surface and deep structure |
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| grammatical rules of how we organize words into sentences; determined by word order |
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| examines meaning of words and sentences and organized knowledge |
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| John is easy to please. John is eager to please is an example of |
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| deep structure (only 1 word is different and there are 2 different meanings |
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| They are cooking apples. The lamb is too hot to eat are examples of what kind of sentence |
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| Represented by words that are actually spoken or written |
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| affects front of brain resulting in hesitant speech |
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| Broca aphasia - difficulty in producing language |
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| phrases that are embedded within another sentence (run-ons) |
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| surface structure may vary, but deep structure is similar Ex: The man bit the dog and The dog was bitten by the man. |
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| if sentence contains "no," "not." "don't," or the word denies it requires longer processing |
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| serious difficulty understanding language and affects back of brain |
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| deep structure is converted to surface via transformational rules |
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| performs most language processing; speech, perception, reading |
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| Right hemisphere function |
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Definition
| interprets a messages' emotional tone, decodes metaphors and resolves ambiquities |
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Term
| What is function of PET an MRI's |
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| to highlight variety of brain regions responsible for language related activities |
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| Context affects comprhension and we read at what rate |
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| thinking about reading composition process |
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| The advantages of reading as opposed to speaking |
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| readers control rate of input, can rescan material, written word is confined to words on page, and there are boundaries between words |
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| long passages of spoken and written language units larger than a sentence, which includes, scripts, schemas and expertise and is bottom-up processing (mostly done in reading) |
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| go beyond information supplied by writer; we draw on our worldly knowledge to activate information not explicitly stated and a reasonable conclusion is drawn |
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| What are the 4 primary things speech is designed to do |
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Definition
1.Gist - mentally plan meaning of message we intend to convey in speech (top-down)
2. General structure is devised without selecting exact words
3. Choose bothe words and forms (ie. eat, then am eating)
4. We convert these intentions into speech by articulatin the phonemes |
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| Word production involves 3 things |
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Definition
| grammatical, semantic and phonological information |
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Definition
| shapeless ideas must be translated ito a statement that has a disciplined, linear shape with words following one another in time. Problems arranging words in an ordered sequence is a "linearization Problem." |
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| Sound errors, morpheme errors and word errors are examples of what |
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| sounds in nearby words are exchanged. ex: snow flurries to flow snurries |
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| Sound errors in sli[ of tongue |
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| When words are exchanged. ex: Writing to my sister to sister to my writing |
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| Word errors in slip of tongue |
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| Smallest units are exchanged in nearby words. ex: self-destruct instruction to self-instuct destruction |
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| morpheme errors in slip of tongue |
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| Social rules that underlie language; focuses on how speakers sucessfully communicate message to the audience, involves common ground (shared background) and understanding of directives ( a sentence that requests someone to do something) |
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| What are the three phases of writing |
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Definition
1. planning
2. sentence generation
3. revising |
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| What are four factors that influence writing |
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Definition
1.social environment
2. physical environment
3. motivational factors
4. working memory (several components) and LTM is involved |
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| learns 2 languages at the same time |
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| In everyday life a person who uses 2 languages that differ |
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| uses more than 2 languages |
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| native tongue is referred to as first language and non-native language is second language |
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| What are some advantages bilinguals have over monolinguals |
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Definition
| Score higher on taks, more creative, greater mental flexibility, can communicate in 2 languages |
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