Term
|
Definition
| moves a bone away from the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves a bone closer to the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which a muscle opposes or resists the action of another muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheetlike tendon of a muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetrapods that travel far or fast on the land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces a downward movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posture in which the wrist and ankle are carried off the ground and the animal walks its digits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to structures that lie above or beside the vertebral axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases the angle at a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheets of connective tissue that lie beneath the skin or ensheathe groups of muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases the angle at a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of wings to actively sustain movement through the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetrapods that are adept at digging, and live a somewhat subterranean existence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of broad membranes attached to limbs to increase surface area and travel a greater horizontal distance through the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pertaining to structures that lie ventral to the vertebral axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the point of attachment of a muscle that moves the most when the muscle shortens, or most distal end of limb muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces an upward movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the end of a muscle that attaches to the more fixed part of the skeleton, which is the proximal in limb muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| propel themselves through the water with paddle-like movements of the appendages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of limbs and body to increase overall surface area to break an inadvertent fall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posture in which the soles of the feet are placed flat on the ground during locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species for which swimming is the sole pattern of locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction of two muscles at a band of connective tissue to form a line of fusion, such as linea alba |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves a bone around its longitudinal axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetrapods that jump or hop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tetrapods adept at climbing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species which have readapted completely or partially to an aquatic mode of life from a terrestrial life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases the size of an opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turns the palm upward or anteriorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition in which the muscles work together to produce a common effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes a body part more rigid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use the musculature of the fins only, or the fins in combination with the trunk and tail, to propel themselves through the water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a locomotory posture used by long legged tetrapods, which walk only on the tips of the digits such that the terminal end of the digit is modified to form a hoof, and other digits are lost |
|
|
Term
| Muscular tissue functions in |
|
Definition
-movement and locomotion
-maintaining posture/vertical position
-generate heat
-can be modified to other structures as (electric organs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin |
|
|
Term
| Criteria for classifying muscles and include |
|
Definition
-color
-location
-nervous system control
-embryonic origin
-general microscopic appearance |
|
|
Term
| Classifying muscles by color |
|
Definition
-red (highly vascularized and rich in myoglobin; resist fatigue
-white (low vascularization and lower in myoglobin; quicker to fatiuge) |
|
|
Term
| Classifying muscles by location |
|
Definition
-somatic (move bone or cartilage)
-visceral (control activities of organs, vessels, or ducts) |
|
|
Term
| Classifying muscles by nervous system control |
|
Definition
-voluntary (under immediate conscious control)
-involuntary (are not) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -found lining the walls of blood vessels, visceral organs |
|
|
Term
| Two types of smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle has self-initiated or myogenic contraction to aid in sustaining rythmic movement of organ with which it is associated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle has neurogenic contraction, which requires action potential sent by neurons to regulate its action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-found in musculature of heart wall
-branching of the cells increase its overall connectivity
-doesn't fatigue readily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -closely associated with muscle skeleton and are used in locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle cell or fiber
-muscle organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the active contractile component: muscle cells and their endomysium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the whole organ; muscle cells plus asssociated connective tissues, nerves, blood supply |
|
|
Term
| In the shortest (longest) position, filament overlap interferes (very little with few) with cross-bridge formation and tension is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Intermediate lengths generate maximum cross-bridging |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-relatively slow contracting and produce low force
-can sustain contraction for prolonged periods of time
-comprise most of the axial and appendicular skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-generally produce fast contractions so they often make up muscles used for rapid movement
-slow twitch but slow take 2x longer to reach maximum forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Mesenchyme
-Splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm
-paraxial mesoderm (somites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adductor mandibulae
Intermandibuularis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Second Fishes gill arch (and 3-7) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
masseter
tempralis
pterygoids
diagastric
mylohyoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves skin of face and neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sternomastoid
cleidomastoid |
|
|
Term
Sternomastoid
Cleidomastoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epaxial muslces of tetrapod |
|
Definition
-longissimus dorsi
-iliocostalis
-multifidus spinae
-spinalis dorsi |
|
|
Term
| Hypaxial muscles of tetrapod |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique
External oblique |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
serratus
scalenus
diaphragm
intercostals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the thoracic/abdominal cavities, functions in breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-reduce the resistance that water offes to motions of moving the body
-propel themselves in a relatively dense medium
-control vertical position in the water
-maintain orientation and steer the body |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of primary swimmers |
|
Definition
-fusiform body
-segmented myomeres
-integument attached strongly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have paddle-like movements
oscillatory swimmers |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of secondary swimmers |
|
Definition
-undergo secondary adaptations to circulatory/respiratory and sensory systems to tolerate high pressures
-webbing or flippers to assist propulsion
-well developed appendicular musculature |
|
|
