bone to bone 

or

muscle to muscle

-muscles can only pull; NEVER push

-usually, as muscle shorts, insertion moves toward origin

·      Circular: fascicles arranged in rings; surround external body openings

o   Ex. Orbicularis oculi; anal sphincter

·      Convergent: broad origin and narrow insertion (tri-angular-shaped)

o   Ex. Pectoralis major

·      Parallel: fascicles are parallel to long axis of a strap-like muscle

·      Fusiform: fascicles parallel to long axis of a spindle-shaped (bulging middle) muscle.

·      Pennate: short fascicles attached obliquely to a tendon running the length of the muscle.

o   Can be sub-divided

o   Unipennate and bipennate

*bone- muscle relationships

*lever, fulcrum, effort, load (other card)

*may operate at a mechanical advantage [effort father from fulcrum than load]

*power levers operate at a mech. advantage or disadvantage [effort nearer to fulcrum than load]

*speed levers operate at a mechanical disadvantage

o   rigid bar (bone)

   fixed point on which a lever moves (joint)

lever classifications:

1st class

fulcrum is between load and effort 

(L-F-E)

lever classifications:

2nd class

load is between fulcrum and effort (F-L-E);

rare in body

*all operate at a mechanical advantage

(strength levers)

lever classifications:

3rd class

effort is between fulcrum and load (F-E-L);

most skeletal muscles

*all operate at a mechanical disadvantage

(speed levers)

·      Epicranius

o   Frontal belly (frontalis)

o   Occipital belly (occipitalis)

·      Corrugator Supercilli

·      Orbicularis Oculi

·      Zygomaticus [minor and major—but you do not have to be able to distinguish them on practical]

·      Risorius

·      Obicularis Oris

·      buccinator

·      playsma

*masseter

*temporalis

Head Movement and 

Trunk Extension

-sternocleidomastoid

-semispinalis:extends vertebral column; prime mover of head extension

-erector spinae: prime mover of back extension; maintain erect posture

-biceps brachii

-brachialis

-brachioradialis

-triceps brachii

movements of thigh and leg

·      Sartorius (“tailor’s muscle”)

·      Gracilis

·      Adductors (magnus, brevis, longus)

·      Quadriceps femoris (anterior side of thigh)

-Rectus Femoris: flex thigh at hip; extends knee

-  Vastus Lateralis: extends knee

- Vastus medialis: extends knee

-Vastus intermedius: deep to rectus femoris (have to remove it completely to see it)

·      Tensor fasciae latae

·      Gluteus Maximus

·      Gluteus medius

·      Gluteus minimus

·      Hamstrings

-   Biceps femoris

-semitendinosus

-semimembranosus 

·      Tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion and inverts foot)

·      Extensor digitorum longus

·      Fibularis longus

·      Triceps Surae

-Gastrocnemius

-soleus