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| Charlemagne, in 771, built an empire covering most of Europe. He reunited Europe, limited the power of the nobles and encouraged learning. |
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| Saladin was a Muslim leader in the 1100s. Defender of the Holy lands, he regained the Holy Lands furing the Second Crusade. He fought Richard the Lion Hearted. He signed a truce with Richard stating that the Muslims controlled the Holy Lands but Christians and visit as long as they didn't have arms. |
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| Joan of Arc was a peasant girl who claimed to hear voices from God who told her she should join the French Army against the English. She won many major battles. She was captured by the English, tried as a heretic and burned at the stake. 1431 |
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| Ferdinand and Isabella were Spanish Royalty who used the Inquisition to unify their country to Christianity and consolidate their power. |
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| The Franks were German. Their ruler, Clovis, brought Christianity to Europe and built monasteries. |
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| Pope Urban II received a letter from the Byzantine emperor, Alexius Conmenus asking for help regain the Holy Land from Muslim Turks. The issued a Holy War. 1093 |
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| William the Conqueror was from Normandy and he invaded England. In 1066 the Normans and the Saxons had the Bttle of Hastings. The Normans won. He became king. |
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| Geoffrey Chaucer was an author and he wrote The Cadbury Tales around 1400. He wrote them in English. |
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| Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian. |
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| Henry II was the father of Richard the Lion Hearted. He expanded the lands owned by England. Invented the jury system. |
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| Feudalism is a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king in exchange for their loyality, military service and protection of the people who live on the land. |
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| The manor system was the basic economic arrangement during the Middle Ages. The lord provided the serfs with housig, strips of land and protection from bandits. In return, serfs tended the lord's lands, cared for his animals and performed other tasks. |
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| A powerful moble who violated church laws could face an interdict, which excluded an entire town, region or kingdom from participating in most sacraments and from receiving Christian burial. |
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| Monks gave up all their private possessions and became servants of God. Nuns were women who also followed this way of life. |
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| A young noble who became at age 21, an armored warrior who fought on horseback and who pledged their lord's land in exchange for a fief. |
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| Castle were fortified buildings. |
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| Chivalry is a complex set of ideas that the knight fight bravely in defense of three masters: his earthly lord, his heavenly lord and his lady. |
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| Troubadours were poets and musicians in the courts of Europe. |
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| Vassal is a person who received a fief. |
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| manor is the lord's estate. |
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| Serfs were people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born. Though bound to the land, the lords could not sell or buy them. |
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| Secular is not of the Church or sacred. |
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