Term
| Explain and define ulcers |
|
Definition
- most stomach ulcers are caused by the BACTERIUM Helicobacter pylori
- the bacterium burrows into the stomach lining, which helps protect it from the acidic environment of the stomach. In addition, the bacterium produces the enzyme UREASE, which helps to neutralize the stomach acid, creating a more hospitable environment for the bacterium
- the bacterium destroys tissue in the stomach lining, creating open sores called ulcers
- ulcers were long thought to be caused by eating acidic or spicy food, or due to stress
Indeed, acidic and spicy foods irritate the ulcers causing pain, and stress induces the production of more stomach acid, which also irritates the ulcers, explaining why these factors were thought to be the cause of ulcers
- the mode of transmission is not known, but food and/or water contaminated with the bacteria (fecal-oral) is thought to be the route
- antibiotic therapy is often effective in curing ulcers |
|
|
Term
| Describe Hepatitis A as a pathogen |
|
Definition
| - Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The HAV genome is single- stranded, positive sense RNA. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the transmission of Hepatitis A |
|
Definition
- HAV is found in the feces of people with hepatitis A. HAV is usually spread through direct contact with the contaminated feces or food and water contaminated with feces (fecal-oral).
Where person-to-person transmission is concerned, most infections result from contact with a household member or sex partner who has hepatitis A. People with hepatitis A often shed the virus in their fecal material several weeks before they become apparent. These
ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS make control of the disease more difficult. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the symptoms of Hepatitis A |
|
Definition
- the symptoms of the disease include jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, and fever. There is no chronic (long-term) infection, although 15% of people infected with HAV may have relapsing or prolonged symptoms over a 6-9 month
period. |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Hepatitis A? |
|
Definition
| - there is none, just rest |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis A, if so, what is it? How many are there? |
|
Definition
- the best protection against HAV is the hepatitis A vaccine. The vaccine is recommended for persons who are more likely to get HAV, or are more likely to become seriously ill if they are infected. The two inHAVRIX® and VAQTA®.
- for short-term protection prior to exposure, and for persons who have already been exposed to the virus, immune globulin (a preparation of antibodies) may be administered. Immune
globulin (or gamma globulin) is most effective if given prior to or within 2 weeks after exposure to hepatitis A virus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the reservoir (s) for Hepatitis A? |
|
Definition
| - humans are the only host for the virus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogen of Salmonellosis |
|
Definition
- Salmonellosis is a common bacterial infection caused by any one of more than 2,000 strains of Salmonella. The bacteria were discovered by an American
scientist named Salmon, for whom they are named. Salmonellae are Gram-negative
bacteria that DO NOT FORM SPORES. |
|
|
Term
| What are the reservoir(s) for Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
| - many animals carry salmonellae in their GI tracts, including brids, horses, and reptiles |
|
|
Term
| Describe the transmission of Salmonellosis |
|
Definition
- transmission of the disease is most commonly associated with eating contaminated foods.
Contaminated foods are most often of animal origin, such as undercooked POULTRY, UNPASTEREURIZED MILK, or UNDERCOOKED EGGS. However, ALL foods, including VEGETABLES, may
potentially become contaminated.
- also REPTILES could be carriers |
|
|
Term
| Describe the symptoms of Salmonellosis |
|
Definition
| - common symptoms of the disease include the onset of DIARRHEA, FEVER, and ABDOMINAL CRAMPS 12 to 72 hours after infection |
|
|
Term
| Describe the treatment for Salmonellosis |
|
Definition
- Salmonella infections are usually self-limiting and often do not require treatment. Antibiotics are not
usually necessary unless the infection spreads from the intestines. Then, the infection can be treated with antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the prevention of Salmonellosis |
|
Definition
| - thorough cooking of foods kills Salmonella bacteria, preventing infection |
|
|
Term
| Describe Hepatitis B as a pathogen |
|
Definition
| - Hepatitis B caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family. Its genome consists of a circular, negative-sense, single strand of DNA. |
|
|
Term
| What are the reservoir(s) for Hepatitis B? |
|
Definition
| - although some other higher primates are host to hepatitis B, humans are the only reservoirs significant reservoir of the virus with respect to human disease |
|
|
Term
| Describe the transmission of Hepatitis B |
|
Definition
| - HBV is primarily spread through contact with contaminated blood, by sexual intercourse, and from mother to child during delivery or breast-feeding. Chronic infectiobirth is thought to be the major mechanism by with the virus persists in nature. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the symptoms of Hepatitis B |
|
Definition
- symptoms are often non-specific, such as malaise (feeling tired) and lack of appetitie. Jaundice may occur, appearing as yellowing of the urine, whites of the eyes, or skin.
- can result in liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| Describe the treatment for Hepatitis B |
|
Definition
| - there are medications available to treat long-lasting HBV infection. These drugs work for some people, but there is no guaranteed cure for hepatitis B, which is why prevention is so important. |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis B? |
|
Definition
- yes
- Hepatitis B vaccine is the best protection against HBV
- the vaccine is made using recombinant yeast cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe Hepatitis C as a pathogen |
|
Definition
PATHOGEN:
- Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus, which is the only member of the genus Hepacivirus within the virus family Flaviviridae. The genome of HCV is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA. |
|
|
Term
| What are the reservoir(s) for Hepatitis C? |
|
Definition
| - humans are the only reservoir for the virus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the transmission for Hepatitis C |
|
Definition
| - it is transmitted through contaminated blood like the sharing of needles, sex, and can be chronic |
|
|
Term
| Describe the symptoms of Hepatitis C |
|
Definition
| - symptoms of HCV infection include jaundice, fatigue, dark urine, loss of appetite, and nausea; however, over 80% of infected persons are asymptomatic (no symptoms). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the treatment for Hepatitis C |
|
Definition
- Interferon and ribavirin, which increases the production of the cytokines that enhance the T-
cell response, are two drugs licensed for the treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis C. Interferon can be taken alone or in combination with ribavirin. Combination therapy is the current treatment of choice. Combination therapy can get rid of the virus in up to 5 out of 10 persons for genotype 1 and in up to 8 out of 10 persons for genotype 2 and 3. |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis C? |
|
Definition
| - No, so you're fuckin out of luck |
|
|
Term
| Describe Plague as a pathogen |
|
Definition
| - Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is a Gram-negative, non-spore forming bacillus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the reservoir(s) for plague? |
|
Definition
| - the primary host of the disease is the wild rodent (especially ground squirrels, prairie dogs, and other burrowing rodents.) |
|
|
Term
| Describe treatment for Plague |
|
Definition
| - Plague can be treated with antibiotics, but if an infected person is not treated promptly, the disease is likely to cause severe illness or death. |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Plague? |
|
Definition
| - there is an inactivated vaccine for plague, but it is administered only to people at an increased risk for exposure to plague, such as military recruits. |
|
|
Term
| Describe and define Bubonic Plague |
|
Definition
- Bubonic plague is most often acquired through the bite of an infected flea, although rarely, the bacterium may enter through a break in the skin by direct contact with tissue or body fluids of a plague infected animals. (For example, the infection might be acquired while skinning a dead plague-infected rabbit.)
- enlarged, tender lymph nodes, called buboes, fever, chills and prostration are characteristic symptoms of bubonic plague. If the lymph nodes become necrotic, the bacteria enter the bloodstream, and the disease progresses to septicemic plague. |
|
|
Term
| Describe and define Septicemic Plague |
|
Definition
| - the release of bacterial endotoxin results in shock and bleeding into skin and other organs. These hemorrhages underneath the skin produce black spots and a dusky color, and probably account for the name the “black death.” |
|
|
Term
| Describe and define Pneumonic Plague |
|
Definition
- Pneumonic plague occurs if the lungs become infected. This may result due to
septicemia, or through inhalation of respiratory droplets from a person or animal (such as a cat) with pneumonic plague. Transmission of plague from person to person is uncommon in the United States, and has not been observed since 1924; however, it does occur as an important factor in plague epidemics in some developing countries. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Syphilis as a pathogen |
|
Definition
| - Syphilis is caused by a spirochete bacterium called Treponema pallidum |
|
|
Term
| What are the reservoir(s) for Syphilis? |
|
Definition
- humans are the only reservoir host for the bacterium, and there are no inanimate
reservoirs |
|
|
Term
| Describe how Syphilis is transmitted |
|
Definition
- the syphilis bacterium is fragile and is almost always transmitted by sexual contact with an infected person. The bacterium spreads from the initial ulcer (sore) of an infected person to
the skin or mucous membranes of the genital area, mouth, or anus of an uninfected sexual partner. It also can pass through broken skin on other parts of the body. In addition, a pregnant woman with syphilis can pass the bacterium on to her unborn child, who may be born with serious mental and physical problems as a result of the infection. Miscarriage may also result. |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the four stages of Syphilis |
|
Definition
The course of the disease is described by four stages - primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (late).
- Primary syphilis is characterized by a painless, infectious ulcer at the site of the initial infection.
- Secondary syphilis occurs when the bacteria spread throughout the body, and is characterized by an infectious skin rash, loss of hair, malaise and fever. After several weeks the disease may become latent.
- Latent syphilis is the time during which the disease it is not infectious, except forcongenital transmission from the mother to the developing fetus. Latency can last for
many years.
- Tertiary syphilis results due to reactivation of the latent bacterium. Although this stage of the disease is not infectious, degenerative lesions called gummas of the skin, bone and nervous system result due to hypersensitivity to the pathogen. If untreated, heart abnormalities, mental disorders, blindness, dementia, and other neurological problems
precede death. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the treatment for Syphilis |
|
Definition
| - Antibiotics are effective in treating primary and secondary syphilis, however in tertiary syphilis, the damage already done to body organs cannot be reversed. Patients are usually treated with penicillin, which is delivered through injection. |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Syphilis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Chlamydia as a pathogen |
|
Definition
| - Chlamydia infections are caused by a tiny bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, which requires a host cell in which to replicate. There are several species of the bacterium: C. psittaci causes respiratory infections (“parrot fever”) that are usually transmitted by infected birds; C. pneumoniae causes pneumonia; C. trachomatis causes blindness (trachoma) or a sexually transmitted disease. |
|
|
Term
| What are the reservoir(s) for Chlamydia? |
|
Definition
| - humans are the only reservoir host for the sexually transmitted form of the disease |
|
|
Term
| How is Chlamydia transmitted? |
|
Definition
- Chlamydial infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United
States. Women infected with the bacterium are usually asymptomatic, as are many men
who have the disease. The bacteria are transmitted by semen and cervical secretions. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Chlamydia? |
|
Definition
- symptoms, if present, usually show up one to three weeks following infection. The bacteria infect the male urethra, and an infected man may observe a discharge, or experience burning
when urinating, especially during that first trip to the bathroom in the morning. Some women will experience itching, vaginal discharge, and burning during urination. More often than not, women will not be aware of the infection. |
|
|
Term
| What can happen when Chlamydia is untreated? |
|
Definition
- untreated infections can lead to a number of problems, including sterility for men and women alike. The bacteria can infect the epididymis (where sperm mature) in men who do not experience any symptoms at first. These men may eventually experience sensations of
heaviness and discomfort in their testicles, and inflammation of their scrotal skin. In women, chlamydiae can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and scarred fallopian tubes. Women who develop PID are also at higher risk for chronic pelvic pain and ectopic pregnancy (when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus). PID and ectopic pregnancies can be life-threatening. In addition, scaring of the fallopian tubes may result in blockage of the tube, leading to sterility |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Chlamydia |
|
Definition
| - the infection can be effectively treated with antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Chlamydia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome |
|
Definition
- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) was first described in the US in 1993 when a cluster of cases of acute adult respiratory distress (with mortality rates of approximately 50%) were
reported in the southwestern part of the US.
- Hantaviruses have a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The Sin Nombre hantavirus causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States. |
|
|
Term
| What are the reservoir(s) for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| - the white-footed deer mouse is the primary reservoir, but other species of mice and other rodents have also been identified as reservoirs for the virus. Rodents shed the virus in their urine, droppings and saliva. Among rodents, the viruses are transmitted by aerosol and bite |
|
|
Term
| Describe the transmission of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome |
|
Definition
- the virus is mainly transmitted to people when they breathe in air contaminated with the virus from aerosolized rodent urine, feces or saliva
- there is no evidence for person-to-person transmission of HPS |
|
|
Term
| What are the syndromes of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome? |
|
Definition
- early symptoms of HPS are similar to symptoms of the flu, including, fatigue, fever and muscle aches. Additional symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, chills, and abdominal problems, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
- about 50% of all HPS patients experience these symptoms. Four to 10 days after the initial phase of illness, the late symptoms of HPS appear; these include coughing and shortness of
breath (in many cases, leading to respiratory distress.) |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| - there is no specific treatment or cure for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Patients are intubated and given oxygen therapy to help them through the period of severe respiratory distress. As a general rule, the earlier the patient seeks treatment, the better. If a patient is experiencing full distress, it is less likely the treatment will be effective. |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe and define Tuberculosis |
|
Definition
- Tuberculosis is the #1 bacterial killer in the world
- Tuberculosis is a serious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a fairly large, Gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium that does
not form spores. M. tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe, and is a facultative intracellular parasite (usually of macrophages). |
|
|
Term
| What is the reservoir(s) for Tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| - M. tuberculosis is also harbored by some animals, such as cattle, but humans are the primary reservoir host for the disease. M. tuberculosis is a hardy bacterium that is more resistant than most to heat, chemicals, and dessication (drying out) and survives well in the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the trasmission of Turberculosis |
|
Definition
- TB is primarily an airborne disease. The disease is spread from person to person in tiny microscopic droplets when a TB sufferer coughs, sneezes, speaks, sings, or laughs. Only people with active disease are contagious and it usually takes lengthy contact with an
infected person before one becomes infected with TB. People who have been treated with appropriate drugs for at least two weeks are usually no longer contagious and will not spread the disease to others. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the symptoms of Tuberculosis |
|
Definition
- between two to eight weeks after being infected with M. tuberculosis, a person's immune system responds to the TB germ by walling off infected cells in the lung, forming a tubercle. From then on the body maintains a standoff with the infection, sometimes for years. Early symptoms of active TB can include weight loss, fever, night sweats, and loss of appetite, or they may be vague and go unnoticed by the affected individual. One in three patients with TB will die within weeks to months if the disease is not treated. For the rest, their disease either goes into remission (halts) or becomes chronic and more debilitating with cough, chest pain, and bloody sputum.
- TB usually occurs as pneumonia, but TB can also occur in the brain, back, knee, lymph nodes, or other organs and bones |
|
|
Term
| Describe the treatment for Tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| - because administration of a single drug often leads to the development of a bacterial population resistant to that drug, effective regimens for the treatment of TB must contain multiple drugs to which the bacteria are susceptible. Therefore, tuberculosis is usually treated with four different antimicrobial agents and the course of drug therapy usually lasts for 6-9 months. The most commonly used drugs are rifampin (RIF) isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZA ) and ethambutol (EMB) or streptomycin (SM). When adherence to the regimen is assured, this four-drug regimen is highly effective. |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
- a vaccine against TB (BCG vaccine) is available; it consists of a live attenuated strain derived from a closely related strain of bacteria, Mycobacterium bovis.
- the vaccine is not 100% effective; studies suggest a 60-80% effective rate in children.
- although the vaccine is used by many European countries, it is not administered in the U.S. for several reasons: the vaccine cannot circumvent disease reactivation in previously exposed individuals it does not prevent infection, only disease, and therefore, the entire population would have to be vaccinated if the vaccine was to be considered effective. The vaccination may complicate the way the TB skin test is read, because vaccination results in a positive TB skin test. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Toxoplasmosis as a pathogen |
|
Definition
| - Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii |
|
|
Term
| What are the reservoir(s) for Toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
- birds, rodents, farm animals (cattle, sheep, pigs, etc.) are reservoir hosts for the protozoan. Infected animals shed the protist in their fecal material, contaminating the soil.
When these animals ingest the protozoan, it encysts in their muscle tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the reservoir(s) for Toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
- birds, rodents, farm animals (cattle, sheep, pigs, etc.) are reservoir hosts for the protozoan. Infected animals shed the protist in their fecal material, contaminating the soil.
When these animals ingest the protozoan, it encysts in their muscle tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the transmission for Toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
- Most cases of toxoplasmosis are acquired through ingestion of undercooked infected meat (especially pork and lamb)
- Cats may contract toxoplasmosis after eating infected birds or rodents, and shed the infectious form of the organism in their fecal material. The infection can spread to persons through direct contact with the cat’s feces or soils in contact with the feces. Accidental
ingestion of contaminated cat feces can occur if you touch your hands to your mouth after gardeninfeces. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the symptoms for Toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
- symptoms of toxoplasmosis are similar to those caused by the flu, including swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches and pains.
- persons with weak immune systems, such as infants, those with HIV/AIDS, those
undergoing certain types of chemotherapy, or persons who have recently received an organ transplant, may develop severe toxoplasmosis.
- Congenital infection may occur when the protozoan crosses the placenta during the first six months of pregnancy. This may result in severe health effects, such as blindness,
deafness, seizures, and mental retardation. Miscarriage of the fetus may also occur. Such severe effects are normally quite rare in the United States. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the treatment for Toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
- in an otherwise healthy person who is not pregnant, treatment usually is not needed, as symptoms typically go away within a few weeks.
- for pregnant women or persons who have weakened immune systems, drugs are available to treat toxoplasmosis. |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| - there is no vaccine for Toxoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
| Defome Selective Breeding |
|
Definition
| - breeding two organisms (usually of the same species) with a desirable trait to one another to produce offspring with this same desirable trait |
|
|
Term
| Define Selective Toxcitity |
|
Definition
| - targets pathogen without damaging the host |
|
|
Term
| Describe Recombinant DNA Technology |
|
Definition
- DNA from one organism is “inserted” into the DNA of another, often unrelated, organism. This process occurs at the molecular level
- Bubble babies were injected with a retrovirus to help with immune system |
|
|
Term
| Name the benefits of BT Corn |
|
Definition
- reduced use of pesticides
- cheaper to grow/ larger yield because insects don't get in
- cheaper to buy |
|
|
Term
| Explain the reason why the Tulip was and is feathered |
|
Definition
- it is caused by a virus (TBV) tulip breaking virus
- transmitted from one plant to another by aphids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Francesco Redi:
- 1670’s- performed one of first controlled biology experiment using flies and meat
- disproved theory of spontaneous generation |
|
|
Term
| Describe Ignaz Semmelweis |
|
Definition
Ignaz Semmelweis:
- 1st person to demonstrate that disease could be transmitted from one person to another
- 1847- 1849 women who were delivered by midwives touch less blood had fewer cases of puerperal fever than women delivery by physicians
- began using calcium chloride to wash hands
- incidence of puerperal fever declined significantly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Louis Pasteur:
- 1857- asked to solve “sour” wine problem
- determined that bacteria in wire made it “sick”
- heating grape juice before adding yeast= pasterization
- his published work suggested that microbes were related to human illness (not a side effect)
- foundation for the germ theory of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Joseph Lister:
- nne of the first to use anesthetics (ether)
- about 50% of amputation resulted in death do to infection acquired during surgery
- sprayed air and soaked instruments and ligatures in phenol carbulig
- 1867 published his results- mortality rate due to postoperative infection reduced from 45% to 9% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 1875 verified germ theory of disease
- Anthax bacteria isolated from eye- fluid of an ox with anthrax injected spores into healthy mice |
|
|
Term
| Explain the 4 of Voch's Postulates |
|
Definition
1) the pathogen must be present in every host with the disease, but absent in healthy hosts
2) the pathogen must be isolated in pure culture
3) the same disease must occur when the isolated pathogen is introdued into a healthy host
4) the same pathogen must be re- isolated from this experimentally infected host |
|
|
Term
| What are congenital infections? |
|
Definition
| - it's when disease is trandferred through mother to child through the placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - when the majority of individuals are immune and two or three aren’t, because the majority is immune we protect those two are three/ that is why we vaccinate men even though we get it congenitally |
|
|
Term
| Name and explain the 5 different ways of trying to control microbial growth |
|
Definition
1) Heat
- inactivates enzymes
- may be sufficient to kill pathogens and inactivate toxins
2) Boiling
- not sterilizing (not sporocidal: spores can survive boiling)
- may take 3 days to kill some spores!
3) Pasteurization
- kills pathogens, but may not sterilize product
4) Steam Heat
- An instrument called Autoclave:
- sterilizes product
- destruction of bacterial endospores indicates sterility
5) Cold
- slows enzymes, and therefore growth, but doesn’t necessarily kill pathogens or inactivate toxins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - all viable agents destroyed including spores and toxins |
|
|
Term
| What was the first documented Chemotherapeutic Agent? |
|
Definition
- Salvarsan
- 1909- discovered by Paul Ehrlich
- Arsenic derivative that kills syphilis bacteria
- not very selective; dangerous to host at higher doses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sulfa Drugs:
- 1935- discovered by Gerhard Domagk
- Protonisl red, a dye used to stain leather was non- toxic to animals but killed streptococci and staphylococci bacteria
- active ingredient later identified as sulfonamide
- Mechanism of Action- Competitive Inhibition
- sulfonamides have a chemical structure that is similar to p- aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
- many bacteria use PABA to make folic acid
- bacteria try to use, and they can’t, so they die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a chemical produced by bacteria or molds that shows a selective toxicity for other select groups of microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- first antibiotic to be discovered
- Alexander Fleming proved penicillin would kill staphylococci and streptococci, but discontinued research
- Florey and Chain developed process to produce and purify penicillin for internal use
- Mechanism of Action: Penicillin naturally produced by Penecillium |
|
|
Term
| Describe Antibiotic resistance |
|
Definition
- Example: Penicillin resistance
- genes code for the production of a protein (penicillinase) that inactivates penicillin
- genes are often found on plasmids
- genes can be transferred from one bacterium to another. How?Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction
- basic concept is that no one is resistant to antibiotics, but the bacteria IS |
|
|
Term
| Define Transcription vs. Translation |
|
Definition
- Transcription is when the RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of the DNA molecule and sythesizes a complementary molecule of RNA useing the base code of DNA as a guide. The mRNA will carry the genetic message of DNA into the cytoplasm where protein sythesis occurs
- Translation is when the mRNA moves to the ribosome, where it is met by transfer RNA molecules bonded to different amino acids. The tRNA molecules align themselves opposite the mRNA molecule and bring the amino acids into position. The peptide bond forms between adjecent amino acids on the growing protien chain, after which the amino acid leaves the tRNA. The tRNA returns to the cytoplasm to bond with another amino acid molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Retroviruses have an RNA genome
- Make a DNA copy from the viral RNA
o This is “backward" or “retro” because RNA is usually made from DNA
o Carried out by the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase
- Insert the viral DNA into the DNA of the host cell (Latent, doesn’t cause any symptoms but it integrates into your DNA) |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 Mechanisms by which bacteria recombine their genes |
|
Definition
- Transformation: uptake of “naked” bacterial DNA from dead, lysed (or destructed) bacteria
- Conjugation: exchange of genes between two live bacterial cells that are touching one another
- Transduction: bacteriophage- virus that effects bacterium, transfers genes from one bacterium to another |
|
|
Term
| Name some of the societal factors that encourage Antibiotic resistance |
|
Definition
- overuse of antibiotics
- Missuse of antibiotics (viral infection)
- use of antibiotics in animal feeds
- unregulated distribution of antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Define what Anti- virals do |
|
Definition
Anti- Virals:
- target specific site in viral replication not found in cellular organisms |
|
|
Term
| Define what Acyclovirs do |
|
Definition
| - does not cure disease just makes it go back into latency to reduce symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What does the FDA not control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the three HIV Anti- virals |
|
Definition
HIV Antivirals:
1) Reverse transcriptase inhibitors- an antiviral drug used against HIV; binds directly to reverse transcriptase and prevents RNA conversion to DNA; often used in combination with other drugs
2) Protease inhibitors- prevent cleavage of viral protein to usable form
3) Integrase inhibitors- prevent insertion of viral DNA in host DNA
4) Fusion inhibitors- prevent fusion of virus to cell receptors, preventing entry of virus (Most promising) |
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Term
| Explain Anti- fungals and what they do |
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Definition
Anti- Fungals:
- most challenging to create than anti- bacterial agents. Why? Because the stuff that we use to kill them could hurt us too. Fungi are eukaryotes as are humans while prokaryotes are bacteria
- ex. Lamisil treatment for athlete’s foot. Inhibits biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of cell membranes |
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