cytotoxic

memory

helper

suppressor

T c cells

(CD8)

1.cytotoxic T cells fcn (2)

2.responsible for what type of immunity?

1.attatck foreign cells & virus infected 

2.cells responsible for:

cell mediated immunity

help regulate immune response by

activate: CD8 T cells & B cells

suppressor T cells are also called?

(abbrev)

what are MHC proteins?(1)

function(1)

membrane glycoproteins that bind to antigens

 function:  antigen presentation

Class I (CD8)

Class II (CD4)

in membranes of:

antigen presenting cells (APCs) and lymphocytes

1.bind to Class II MHC proteins & inserted into plasma membrane

2.to stimulate T cells

1.bind antigens & process antigen

2.display antigen fragments to activate T cells against foreign cells and proteins

1.free & fixed macs

2.Kupffer cells

3.microglia

CD 4 (helper T cells)

& CD 8 (cytotoxic t cells)

cytotoxic T cells &

memory T cells

Release perforin

Secrete poisonous lymphotoxin

Activate genes in target cell for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

within cytotoxic T cells

(that's when CD 8 can quickly produce ctotoxic , slow is suppressor, 

*memory cells are ONLY produced form cytotoxic!)

1.stay in circulation,

2.cytotoxic T cells

Suppressor T cells secrete (1)

fcn(1)

suppression factors

 Inhibit the responses of T and B cells

Secrete cytokines that stimulate:

cell-mediated (t cellls) & antibody mediated immunity

 (b cells differinate into plasma cells )

1.trigger: b cell division plasma maturation antibody production

2. stimulate T cell division: memory t helper cells

cytotoxic t cells mature

3. attract & stimulate macs

4.Enhance nonspecific defenses

Cytotoxic T Cells (fast)

Memory T Cells (fast)

Suppressor T Cells (slow)

Control or moderate immune response by

T cells and B cells

Helper T Cells

Memory (helper) TCells

Stimulate immune response by

T cells (cytotoxic active)

and

B cells (make antibodies from plasma cells)

antigens in interstitial fluids bind to B cell receptors

2•B cell prepares for activation

Taken into the B cell 

Processed 

Reappear on surface,

bound to Class II MHC protein

1.binds to MHC class 1 complex &

2.Secretes cytokines that promote B cell activation and division

Plasma cells (antibodies)

Memory B cells

2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains

•1 pair of heavy chains

•1 pair of light chains

Constant segments •

Variable segments

1. IgG 2. IgE 3. IgD 4. IgM 5. IgA

*G.A.M.E.D.

* remembered produced by HEAVY chains

2 antigenic determinant

sites that Binds to

both antigen-binding sites

of variable segments of antibody

B cell sensitization

Immune response

Haptens

(fakers)

what are the dangers of haptens?

ex of this (1)

Antibodies produced will attack BOTH hapten and carrier molecule even if carrier is “normal”

aka: Antibody attacks normal cells •For example, penicillin allergy

4,

disulfide

1 constant segment

1 variable segment

Binds 1light chain :

At one end: Binds antigen

At other end: Binds complement in the constant region

IgG, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgA

G.A.M.E.D.

IgG, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgA

How are they told apart?

all  antibodies are on the heavy chains

IgG

G for me!

viruses,

bacteria & their toxins

Can cross the placenta,

and maternal IgG is given to fetus during embryological development

Anti-Rh IgG antibodies produced by Rh-negative mothers

which attack

the newborn b/c it has Rh +

attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of:

basophils &  mast cells

The cell is stimulated to release:

histamine and other chemicals that accelerate inflammation in the immediate area

individual,

polymerizes to a 5-antibody starburst

Epithelial cells absorb them from blood

and attach a secretory piece before secreting IgA molecules onto the epithelial surface

1.neturalization of antigen binding sites (can’t bind to other cells)

2.formation of immune complex 3.Activation of complement

4.Attraction of phagocytes 5.Opsonization increasing phagocyte efficiency

6.Stimulation of inflammation 7.Prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion

insoluble 3-D interaction bwn :

antibodies and their antigenic targets

secondary response •

More extensive and prolonged •

Memory cells already primed

After Antigens activate appropriate B cells B cells differentiate into Plasma  cells

B cells Might differentiate immediately or go through several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma and memory cells

slowly rises,

1-2 weeks after initial exposure

take  2 weeks to develop,

rapidly

IgM is produced faster than IgG,

less

lower (aka the immune system is prepared)

aka in the 2nd respone it takes LESS of the antigen to iniate a response

Secreted in massive quantities

(1st response: antibody levels slowly rise)

IgM: Production is quicker & is slightly extended

IgG: Rises very high and very quickly Can remain elevated for extended time

Give Combined Responses to Bacterial Infection include:

what white blood cells are activated? complement system antigen presentation causes?

Neutrophils and NK cells begin killing bacteria

•Cytokines draw phagocytes to area •Antigen presentation activates:

•Helper T cells  activate:

Cytotoxic T cells &B cells activate and

differentiate •Plasma cells increase antibody levels

1.destruction of antigen-antibody complexes

2.suppress inflammation (opposite of basophil)

3. participate in allergic response

1.Fetal thymus cells migrate to :

tissues that form T cells 

2.Liver and bone marrow: produce B cells

3. 4 month fetus produces IgM antibodies

Maternal IgG antibodies

•Pass through placenta •

Provide passive immunity to fetus

Interferons •

Interleukins •

Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) •Thymosins

stimulate the activities of other immune cells and of the secreting cells =

positive feedback loop that helps to recruit additional immune cells

Alpha-interferons

Beta

Gamma