Term
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Definition
ability to distinguish "self" from "non-self"
ablility to inactivate "non-self" |
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Term
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Definition
non-self
any agent capable of eliciting an immune response
-endogenous antigens- self, or natural antigens (ie. dead cells, body wants to get rid of the trash in our bodies. the immune system wants to clean it out
-exodenous antigens- non-self |
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Term
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Definition
Spontaneously accepted:
-autograft- your tissue
-isograft- tissue between identical twins
spontaneously rejected:
-allograft-same species
-heterograft-different species-have to take anti-rejection dtugs for the rest of your life. your immune system is more suseptable because you are telling it not to work so hard |
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Term
cells of the immune system |
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Definition
Lymphocytes (primers)-70%, most numerous of the cells in the immune system
-T-cells-mature in the thymus and travel where they need to be when called to action
-B-cells-Humoral respone (produce antibodies to do their work) mature in the bone marrow
Macrophages
Null Cells-NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
cytolytic (ctytotoxic)-cause lysis-CD8-deadly to foreign invaders (destroy cell itself if carrying antigen)
regulatory T-cells: secrete lymphokines
-helper T-cells CD4-helo everyone in immune system-presents antigens and helps other cells be more efficient
-supressor T-cells-inhibit actions of other cells to downgrade response (Bcells)
Primed T-cells: memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| mature type of cell came from monocyte. becomes a macrophage. in late inflammation after a monocyte starts to move. important in complement system, it recognizes antigen and carry it to find an antibody. pick up and engulf bacteria directly-phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
-plasma cells:secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins)antibodies are specific to one antigen only
-primed B-cells: memory cells-waiting for 2nd antigen exposure
primed B-cells have been exposed, while waiting for 2nd response they become smarter and stronger
anitbodies have a short half life but primed cell last longer |
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Term
Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
blood tests detect which of these is present to determine what is going on |
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Definition
IgD-undertermined function
IgE-(reagin) histamine release-in response to allergic reactions, also responds to parasites
IgA-shock surfaces(under skin, mucosa, shock absorbers), breast milk, gives primary immunity to babies
IgM-(macroglobulin)-ABO antibodies-doesn't move, is very large and is the first responder to antigen, blood types
IgG-transplacental passage, has longest half life |
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Term
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Definition
| dumping out histamine on 2nd exposure to antigen |
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Term
antibody-antigen interaction
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Definition
antigen-specific reactions
-precipitation-Ag-Ab reaction-they clump together, if soluble they become a precipitate
-agglutination-particulate interactions, are insoluble
-antigen reaction-toxins-wants to neutralize toxins
non-specific reaction
-complement system activation |
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Term
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Definition
-IgM and IgG
-Ag-Ab interaction causes activation
classical pathway-causes activation at the beginning (c1) and goes through all steps to C9 MAC-and kills cell
alternate pathway-activates at C3 primarily when initial antigen exposure is microbial |
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Term
complement system
functions of C3-C5 |
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Definition
1. chemotaxis-cells are moved toward chemicals
2. opsonization-helps with recognition of antigens for phagocytosis
3. histamine release
4. platelet "effects" |
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Term
MAC
Membrane attack complex |
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Definition
| attacks membrane of cells that are foreign. causes cell death of target cells. |
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Term
elements of immune response |
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Definition
cell mediated immunity
-elements: T-cells
-end-point: target destroyed by cytolytic action (cell to cell killing)
humoral immunity
-elements: B-cells
-end-point: target inactivated by antibody action (immune reaction) |
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Term
Pathology of immune system
immunopathology |
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Definition
hypersensitivity states-too much, exaggerated response to stimuli
autoimmune diseases- too much, inability to distinguish "self" from "non-self"
immunodeficiency syndromes- too little |
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Term
hypersensitivity states:
classification |
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Definition
rely on B-cells
-type I: immediate hypersensitivity (atopy, anaphylaxis)
-type II:cytotoxic hypersensitivity
-type III:immune complex disease
rely on T-cells
-type IV:delayed/cell-mediated response |
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Term
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Definition
relies on B-cell response
trigger-IgE/mast coupling
-histamine release
-antigen administration
--local-hay fever, rhinitis, asthma
-systemic
--anaphylactic shock |
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Term
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Definition
cytotoxic-relies on B-cells
triggers-complement activation-via the classical pathway
result-cell destruction by C9
example: immune-mediated
-hemolytic anemia-can be a transfusion reaction
macrophages important |
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Term
| type III hypersensitivity |
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Definition
immune complex disease
Ag-Ab
trigger-complement activation-classical pathway
result: vasculitis by C3-C5 fractions
antigen administration:
-local-localized vasculitis, farmer's lung
-systemic-serum sickness
delayed/chronic type 1 |
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Term
| type IV hypersensitivity (possible essay) |
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Definition
delayed type hypersensitivity
T-cells
triggers-sensitized lymphocytes and activated macrophages
result-tissue destruction by macrophages: "reaction to a reaction"
examples-graft rejection, contact dermatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system's inability to distinguish "self" from "non-self" |
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Term
autoimmune disease
pathogenesis |
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Definition
when immune system begins to turn on
development of immune tolerance: prenatal and early postnatal life
loss of immune tolerance: anytime during postnatal life
triggers:usually unknown
characteristic: usually associated with other autoimmune diseases |
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Term
| autoimmune disease: classification |
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Definition
organ specific
-hashimoto thyroiditis-hypothyroidism
-sympathetic opthlamia-hypersensitivity to you own eye pigments
non-organ specific (systemic)
-systemic lupus erythematosus-chronic inflammation of organs |
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Term
| immune deficiency syndromes |
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Definition
primary (genetic)
-bruton aggamaglobulinemia
chediak-higashi syndrome
isolated IgA syndrome
leukocyte adhesion disease, type 1
SCID
secondary (acquired)
-biologic determinants:aging, stress
nutritional deficiencies
malignant disease
infections:hiv
iatrogenic: radiotherapy
a secondary problem can be related to the primary |
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