- Non specific resistance: general mechanism, multiple targets,more primative

-Specific Resistance: specific, single target, more sophisticated

-Species resistance:different species get different diseases

-Mechanical barriers:skin

-Enzyme action:enzymes to digest pathogens (tears)

-interferon:collection of inactive proteins that block viral replication

-Inflammation:traps the pathogen

1. redness

2.warmth

3.pain

4.swelling

-2 types of inflammation: non specific & specific

1.injury or infection

2.histamine released which increases capillary permeability

3.tissue becomes red,swollen, painful

4. WBC invade area

5. attack occurs on pathogens

6. clotting mechanism is activated to seal off area

7.fibroblasts invade and form fibrous capsules around the area

8.heling occurs inflammation subsides

- Cell eaters

- WBC like neutrophils & monocytes

- cells involved like lymphocytes (T-cells & B-cells)

- Macrophages

- Humoral immunity: antibody mediated immunity

- Cell mediated immunity

-more sophisticated

-uses B-lymphocytes

-uses antibodies

-comes from and matures on bone marrow

-produces antibodies

-makes up 20% of all lymphocytes

-dont engage in cell to cell contact

-have a long life span

- comes from bone marrow,matures elsewhere

-need thymosin to mature

-make up 80% of all lymphocytes

-engage in cell-to-cell combat

-produce lymphokines;attract wbc

-produce lymphotoxins:poison to pathogens

-produce interferon:slows viral replication

-secrete growth inhibiting substance which interferes with bacterial reproduction

-large size

-complex structure

-protens and polysacchariedes are the best antigens to detect

-produced by B-cells in response to an antigen

-immunoglobulins, gamaglobulins, or proteins

-composed of 2 light and 2 heavy chains

-most abundant

-occurs in tissue fluid

-fights bacteria, viruses,and toxin

-only antibody that can cross placenta

-found in secretions like milk,exocrine gland, tears, nasal fluid.

-fights bacteria/viruses

-largest antibody

-first responder

- binds to B-cells

-activates B-cells so they can make more antibodies

-least abundant

-if you have a lot you usually have allergies

-involved in inflammatory reponses

- found on membranes of basophils or mast cells

1. direct attack

2.complement activation

3.production of local change

4.agglutination

5.precipitation

6. neutralization

7.lysis

-plasma protein that helps destroy pathogens when activated by antibodies

-Chemotaxis:increase in WBC in that area which leads to enhanced inflammation

-Opsonization:increases chance of phagocytosis

-Complement: binds to cell membrane and becomes the mediator of cell membrane lysis

-IgE binds to mast cell surface and then the mast cell is sensitized

-Antigen binds to IgE

-Mast cell degranulates and histamine is released

-inflammation occurs

-Can be harmful

-first encounter with pathogen

-symptoms develop

-5 to 10 days to recover

-memory cells come into play

-dont show/mild symptoms

-1 to 2 days for recovery

1. Naturally acquired active immunity:first exposure to pathogen

2.artifically acquired active immunity:vaccination not natural

3.artifically acquired passive immunity:injection of a donor antibody that is only temporary

4.naturally acquired passive immunity: fetal immunity from moms milk