Term
| Sex-linked recessive disorders are more common |
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Definition
| in males than in females because any male receiving a recessive allele from his mother will express that trait because males only have one copy of the X-chromosome. |
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Term
| If a diploid cell for a dog has 78 chromosomes, then a haploid cell would have |
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Definition
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Term
| A monosomy is most likely to be found |
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Definition
| in the X-chromosome in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| determined the approximate amounts of bases (A, G, C, T) relative to each other in DNA. |
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Term
| The leading strand is (x3) |
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Definition
-replicated continuously
-only needs one RNA primer
-is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction
(it is NOT the only strand that is replicated as the lagging strand is also replicated) |
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Term
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Definition
| the base pairs in the DNA double helix. |
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Term
| An individual who has two copies of the same allele is said to be |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA replication is called |
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Definition
| semiconservative because half of the original double helix appears in the newly formed helix upon a single round of replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered the nucleotide composition and deoxyribose as the sugar molecule that helped lay the foundation for Watson and Crick's DNA model |
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Term
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Definition
| are enzymes/proteins essential for DNA replication because they assist in the unwinding of the DNA double helix. |
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Term
| In terms of organizing DNA, the largest is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Black fur (B) is dominant and white (b) is recessive. Short haired fur (S) is dominant and long haired fur (s) is recessive. Genotypes of the parents = BbSs and bbSS. The phenotype of the offspring will |
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Definition
| all have short haired fur. |
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Term
| Flaws of eugenics research (x3) |
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Definition
-assumed that complex disorders had simple inheritance patterns
-relied on data collection by untrained individuals or biased researchers
-ignored the environmental factors |
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Term
| If the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is 5'-ATGGCAT-3', the sequence of the complementary strand is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| If human DNA contains 30% adenine, then the percentage of thymine would be |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The experiments done by Oswald Avery, Maclin McCarty, and Colin MacCleod (1944) |
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Definition
| utilized enzymes to breakdown the different possible candidates: DNA, RNA, and proteins. |
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Term
| The term phenotype refers to |
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Definition
| the appearance of a trait in an individual. |
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Term
| Independent assortment can NOT be demonstrated in a monohybrid cross because |
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Definition
| you must examine the transmission of two or more genes. |
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Term
| In the transformation observed by Griffith |
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Definition
| a mixture of heat-killed S strain bacteria and R strain bacteria killed the mice. |
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Term
| Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is |
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Definition
| a prenatal test done for detecting chromosomal abnormalities before an embryo is implanted. |
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Term
| Mutations at the DNA level (x3) |
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Definition
-mutations to DNA may be caused by environmental factors (exposure to UV radiation - epigenetics)
-though mutations do occur, the complex machinery of DNA has built in mechanisms to correct many of the errors
-substitutions that occur may or may not result in an observable error when the DNA is translated to proteins |
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Term
| The direct product of translation is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Three substances involved in transcription are |
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Definition
| DNA, mRNA, and RNA polymerase. |
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Term
| The process of translation ends when |
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Definition
| a stop codon is added to the protein chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| after transcription and results in the removal of introns from the RNA sequence. |
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Term
| RNA differs from DNA (x3) |
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Definition
-in DNA adenine pairs with thymine but in RNA adenine pairs with uracil
-the DNA sugar is deoxyribose but the RNA sugar is ribose
-DNA is double stranded but RNA is single stranded |
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Term
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Definition
-consists of three nucleotides
-may code for the same amino acid as another codon
-never codes for more than one amino acid |
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Term
| Regarding genetically engineered plants, currently |
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Definition
| there are serious biological and environmental issues regarding their use. |
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Term
| In recombinant DNA technology, |
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Definition
| DNA ligase may be used to join sections of DNA together. |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is |
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Definition
| a technique similar to a molecular copy machine for DNA. |
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Term
| In the Sanger method of DNA sequencing, |
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Definition
| DNA synthesis stops when a dideoxynucleotide (ddNTP) is incorporated. |
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Term
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be conveniently performed because |
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Definition
| Taq polymerase is not damaged by heating. |
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Term
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Definition
| circular pieces of DNA that can be used to carry foreign DNA cells such as bacteria. |
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Term
| Insulin was targeted as the first genetically engineered drug because |
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Definition
| people sometimes had an adverse reaction to the porcine or bovine insulin that was available. |
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Term
| mRNA is modified after it is transcribed by (x3) |
|
Definition
-adding the poly-A tail
-adding a 5' cap
-removing the introns |
|
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Term
| Restriction enzymes are used (x3) |
|
Definition
-to cut a plasmid so a gene of interest can be inserted
-to cut a gene of interest from a strand of DNA
-to attack invading foreign DNA when it enters a host |
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Term
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Definition
| served as the second director of the public Human Genome Project and is the current head of the NIH. |
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Term
| Sickle cell anemia is caused by |
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Definition
| a single base substitution resulting in the incorporation of the wrong amino acid into the protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| the structural and functional component of the ribosome |
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Term
| Beadle and Tatum's experiment |
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Definition
| identified that one gene specifies the production of a particular enzyme using bread mold. |
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Term
| DNA technology is used for many medical applications such as (x3) |
|
Definition
-prenatal identification of genetic disease genes
-genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles
-production of viral vectors for use in gene therapy
(NOT used for introduction of genetically engineered genes into human sperm and egg cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process used to insert genes into human cells to correct disorders. |
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Term
| Huntington's disease (x3) |
|
Definition
-the first disease-causing gene mapped to a specific chromosome using linkage analysis
-genetic testing is available for individuals with a family history of the disease
-autosomal dominant disorder
(immediately after it was mapped the cause of the disease was NOT determined) |
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Term
| Gene therapy targeting the germ-line |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The most controversial type of cells are |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The disadvantage of adult stem cells over embryonic stem cells is because |
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Definition
| they are difficult to locate. |
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Term
| The death of Jesse Gelsinger |
|
Definition
| was considered a major setback for the advancement of gene therapy. |
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Term
| Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) (x3) |
|
Definition
-seek to identify naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and determine how these are distributed across populations
-rely on studying the genomes of both healthy and diseased individuals to correlate SNPs with instances of disease
-allow for linking a disease to multiple genes
(NO indication that two disorders with different symptoms are linked to a single gene) |
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Term
| Reasons why DNA extracted from fossils to understand human origins are not always suitable for sequencing because (x2) |
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Definition
-the DNA that is extracted will have been degraded by microorganisms and water, making it fragmented and damaged
-the DNA may be contaminated by the researchers making it difficult to know what is ancient versus modern DNA |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of the collection of proteins produced in a particular cell. |
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Term
| The two properties of mitochondrial DNA that molecular anthropologists find valuable are that |
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Definition
-it is passed from mother to child
-it is more abundant than nuclear DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic information that can be used to trace maternal lineage. |
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Term
| Shinya Yamanaka is credited with |
|
Definition
| the discovery of iPS cells. |
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Term
| Huntington's disease is caused by |
|
Definition
| an expanding triplet repeat. |
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Term
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Definition
| affect the availability of genes for expression. |
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Term
| During enzyme replacement therapy |
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Definition
| a functional form of the enzyme is supplied to the patient. |
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Term
| Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are |
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Definition
| adult somatic cells reprogrammed to assume a stem cell-like state. |
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Term
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Definition
| the introduction of a gene into a foreign cell through the use of a vector that will serve in the production of large quantities of the product encoded by the gene. |
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Term
| From the Human Genome Project the most recent discovery which has altered our understanding of the non-coding regions of DNA (formerly known as junk DNA) is |
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Definition
| that the non-coding regions are in fact very active, containing the switched that control/regulate gene activity. |
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